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The West Virginia Examiner 



OR 



Uniform 
Examinations Made Easy 



A PRACTICAL LIST OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN" ALL THE 

COMMON SCHOOL STUDIES TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX 

CONTAINING ALL THE MORE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS AND 

ANSWERS THAT HAVE BEEN GIVEN IN UNIFORM 

EXAMINATIONS EMANATING FROM THE STATE 

superintendent's OFFICE, FOR THE 

YEARS OF 1903 AND 1904. 



By A. L. RYMER. 

AUTHOR OF NORMAL OUTLINES OF GENERAL HISTORY, ETC. 



DoNNALLY Publishing Co. 




u^ 



^^, 



LiBRARY of aONStttSS 
fwo Gopies rttiCtiiveU 

CC/h/iil- I^OS 

0U6S ^ XXc. Nut 

//S /(pO 

COPY 8. 



^; 



wn^ 



Copyrighted by 



A. L. RYMEK, 
1905, 



PREFACE. 



Believing that the recent law requiring Uniform State Ex- 
aminations will remain as a permanent statute, the design of 
The West Virginia Examiner is to aid teachers in review- 
ing the common school branches. 

Any question and answer book, now on the market, is sub- 
ject to adverse criticisms by the profession because of meager 
information on the subjects of West Virginia History and 
Government and State Geography. Another objection to a 
large class of "Quiz Books'^ is the unpsyschological arrangement 
of the questions — lack of continuity of thought. 

Although perfect order in such a work is impossible, yet 
there has been an earnest endeavor to avoid a scrap book ar- 
rangement by following questions with others having similar- 
ity of thought-connection where it was practicable. 

The texts consulted in the construction of this volume are 
too numerous to mention. The files of the West Virginia 
School Journal have been perused and the Uniform Examina- 
tions as conducted in the State of Xew York were looked over, 
some of the questions being used. 

An acknowledgment of indebtedness for courtesies extended 
would include Prof. T. C. Miller, State Superintendent of 
Free Schools, Prof. M. P. Shawkey, Assistant in the same of- 
fice, Prof. W. G. Brown, of Summerville, and other friends. 



The Author. 



Winfield, W. Va., 

Januarv 16, 1905. 



CONTENTS. 



Questions on Orthography 5 

Answers on Orthography 11 

Questions on Reading 17 

Answers on Reading 20 

Questions on Penmanship 25 

Answers on Penmanship 26 

Questions on Arithmetic 29 

Answers on Arithmetic 39 

Questions on English Grammar 51 

Answers on English Grammar 56 

Questions on Physiology and Hygiene 75 

Answers on Physiology and Hygiene 77 

Questions on General History 85 

Answers on General History 94 

Questions on U. S. History 119 

Answers on U. S. History 128 

Questions on State History 146 

Answers on State History 149 

Questions on Geography 161 

Answers on Geography 167 

Questions on Book-keeping 181 

Answers on Book-keeping 182 

Questions on Civil Government 185 

Answers on Civil Government 188 

Questions on Theory and Art of Teaching 199 

Answers on Theory and Art of Teaching 202 



APPENDIX. 



Uniform Examination Questions 215 

Uniform Examination Answers 257 



: : : THE : : : 

WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER 



ORTHOGKAPHY (Questions). 

1. Define the following: (a) Orthoepy; (b) Syllabication; 
(c) Accent; (d^ Orthography. 

2. What is a letter ? an elementar}^ sound ? a word ? a sen- 
tence ? a paragraph ? 

3. What is a vowel? Name the vowels. How many semi- 
vowels? How many aspirates? JSTame them. 

4. What is a consonant ? What is a diphthong ? What is a 
triphthong ? 

5. What sound has the letter a in fate? in fat? in fare? in 
fast? in fall? in liar? in palace? 

6. What sound has the letter e in meet, meal ? in their, fern ? 
in brier, college? How does e in college differ from a in cab- 
bage? 

7. What sound of { in vine, tin ? in valise, virtue ? in elixir, 
nobility ? 

8. What sound has o in sore, dove? in prove, nor, form? in 
come, wrong, factor, purpose ? 

9. What sound has ii in pure, hurry? bury? in push, hut? in 
true, rude, deputy? 

10. What is the sound of y in type, symbol? myrrh, truly? 
when are w and y consonants? When vowels? 

11. In the word union are i and u vowels or consonants? In 
the word one is o a vowel or consonant? In the word righteous 
is the f a vowel or consonant ? 

12. What is a digraph? In the words boil and boat, which 
has a digraph and which a diphthong ? 



6 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

13. How many sounds has c, ch, s, x ? 

34. What sound has ih in this, then, think, pith? 

15. How is lion pronounced in portion, and sion in tension? 
How is sion pronounced in vision, cian in magician? Give ex- 
amples and tell the different sounds of cialy tial, sial. 

16. What is the sound of ceous^ clous and tiousf geous 
giotcs? Give examples. 

17. What is the sound of ^^/i in phantom ? 

18. How man}^ sounds have the following diphtliongs : ea, 
eu, ew ; ia, ie, io ; oi, ou, ow, oy ; ua, ue, ui, uo ? 

19. Give examples and tell what sound each of the following 
diphthongs has : ae, ai, ao, au, aw, ay ; ee, ei, ey ; ie, oi, oo, ou ? 

20. Into how many classes are the consonants divided ? What 
is a mute? What is a liquid? Why? 

21. Which of the consonants are dentals? Why so called? 
Which letters of the alphabet are palatals ? 

^ 22. What sound has h preceded by m in the same syllable ? c 
when it comes after the accent and is followed by ea, ia, io ? Give 
examples. 

23. What sound has gh at the beginning of words? What 
sound usually at the end of words? Give examples. 

24. What sound has ght terminating a word ? 

25. What sound has h in her? heir? 

26. What sound has Tc? When is it silent? 

27. How many sounds has I? Is it ever silent? Is m ever 
silent? Give examples. 

28. Give examples when 7i is silent. . 

29. What sound has p in pit? 

30. How many sounds has ph, q ? Give examples. 

31. How many sounds has r? Is it ever silent? What effect 
does it have on the short sound of the vowels ? Give examples. 

32. How many sounds has 5? What sound has s at the be- 
ginning of a word ? at the end of a word ? When has it the sound 
of sh? Whenzh? 

33. How many sounds has t? What is the sound of ih in 
truth? 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 7 

34. Is V ever silent ? 

35. When is w a consonant? How many sounds has x? 
What sound has x in luxury ? 

36. How many sounds has i/, z, j ? Are they ever silent? 

37. How many syllables are there in every word? 

38. What is a word of one syllable called? A word of two, of 
three, of four or more ? 

39. What is a simple word^ a compound word^ a primitive, a 
derivative ? 

40. What is a prefix ? A suffix ? 

41. How are derivative words formed? 

42. What is spelling and how would you teach it ? 

43. Give ten rules for spelling. 

44. Give five rules for punctuation. 

45. What meanings do the following prefixes have: un, in, 
im, il, dis, anti? Illustrate by an example of each? 

46. Add the following suffixes to words and show changes of 
meaning : f ul, ly, ing, less. 

47 Spell phonetically beach, beech, wax, gay, silent. 

48. Illustrate change in meaning of words by a change of ac- 
cent. 

49. Who invented the alphabet? What class of people have 
no alphabet? 

50. Define homonym, antonym, synonym. 

51. What is a sibilant ? 

52. Write three words containing a substitute for long a. 

53. Distinguish between the name and power of a letter. 

54. How are the titles Mr., Mrs. and Miss made plural ? 

55. Wnj drop e in coming and retain it in hlamelcss? 

56. How do you spell a, h, w, j, k, q, z ? 

57. Make a list of six Latin prefixes which give opposite 
meanings to words. 

58. What efi'ect docs a have as a prefix ? 

59. How are Worcester's and Webster's Dictionaries regarded 
for authority? 

60. What can you say of the new spelling or reform spelling f 



8 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 





TEST WOEDS. 




Abacus 


confidant 


derrick 


abstruse 


conversant 


dereliction 


accrue 


celerv 


extol 


alpaca 


colonelcy 


excel 


apparatus 


cessation 


eclat 


artillery 


certiorari 


elixir 


accede 


connoisseur 


epaulet 


apostasy 


collectible 


ecstasy 


ascetic 


coleslaw 


eligible 


aquiline 


cerulean 


empyrical 


amateur 


cuirassin 


elysian 


acquiesce 


cusha 


eyeing 


avoirdupois 


cynic 


elite 


abscission 


coerce 


eludible 


adducible 


civilize 


eyelet 


aspbyxia 


crystallize 


ennui 


aquafortis 


catechise 


entree 


attornev 


chrysalis 


eleemosynary 


bouquet 


cylinder 


facet 


banana 


caoutchouc 


facile 


bronchitis 


coercion 


faucet 


boatswain 


cazique 


falchion 


beauteous 


decade 


finesse 


bilious 


deficit 


fossil 


burlesque 


ducat 


facade 


bodice 


dysentery 


fascinate 


barouche 


diarrhoea 


ferret 


bowieknife 


decedent 


flageolet 


bayou 


deceased 


fencible 


bandanna 


decreed 


flaccid 


buhr 


diocesan 


furlough 


beryl 


dahlia 


froe 


belleslettres 


dactyl 


gallows 


cemetery 


digit 


gibbous 


cayenne 


deducible 


gangrene 


chloride 


deuce 


gherkin 





ORTHOGRAPHY. 




ghoul 


kiln 


oxide 


goal 


kirtle 


obscene 


giaour 


kerosene 


oscillate 


gyves 


knick-knack 


omniscient 


gluey 


kleptomania 


onerous 


gnat 


licorice 


orrery 


gout 


lose 


orison 


gingham 


lexicon 


osprey 


height 


lynx 


ozone 


heinous 


lettuce 


participle 


hypocrite 


lascivious 


piazza 


hypothesis 


lotus 


pretense 


hypocrisy 


miasma 


pretentious 


hyssop 


machinist 


pleurisy 


lialibut 


magician 


pyre 


hemorrhage 


malicious 


pseudonym 


hyacinth 


malign 


patrician 


heirloom 


martial 


pyrotechnical 


hyoid 


marshal 


precocious 


hygiene 


massacre 


phthisic 


hawn 


mortise 


parasite 


ideal 


martyr 


pneumonia 


italic 


microscopy 


prescience 


icicle 


mirage 


persimmon 


isosceles 


mustache 


poniard 


illicit 


measles 


principle 


immense 


mignionette 


quoit 


insipid 


missile 


quinsy 


islet 


maelstrom 


quadrille 


incision 


nectarine 


queue 


Jew^s-harp 


nautilus 


raillery 


javelin 


nuisance 


rinse 


jalap 


neuralgia 


reservoir 


jaundice 


nonpareil 


receipt 


judgment 


nymph 


reseat 


kerchief 


nickel 


recipe 


keelson 


neophyte 


rutabaga 



10 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



reticence 


solstice 


weazen 


roulette 


sessile 


xyster 


rhinoceros 


supersede 


yacht 


rendezvous 


tenacious 


3'eoman 


rondeau 


taffeta 


zinc 


raceme 


torchon 


Aulne 


roquelauro 
ruche 


terraqueous 
tonsilitis 


Antietam 
Ariadne 


sausage 


tyrannize 


Annette 


seine 


trellis 


Basil 


scythe 


tacit 


Cecilian 


saleratus 


tennis 


Ceylon 


sirloin 


tassel 


Chuquisaca 


secede 


tactician 


Cheyenne 


sortie 


teetotaler 


Galileo 


satellite 


taboo 


Geoffrey 


sturgeon 


talisman 


Girondists 


sieve 


trousseau 


Guayaquil 


satirize 


utensil 


Gila 


silesia 


umbrageous 


Jesuitism 


scrivener 


ursine 


Hawaii 


earsaparilla 


vascid 


Monterey 


scion 


vaccine 


Mussulman 


seraph 


vestige 


Saale 


strychnine 
sibylline 

siesta 


vitriol 

vial 

veneer 

vacillate 

vying 


Schuylkill 
San Jose 
Scioto 
Neuces 


sci meter 


vesicle 


jSTeufchatfel 


scirrhus 


vignette 


Mayonaise 


sillabub 


vendible 


Si rill s 


saccharine 


varioloid 


Williamette 


synecdoche 


verdigris 


Quito 


soiree 


whir 


Xenophon 


Bcissile 


whey 


Yaaig-tse-kiang 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



11 



Which of the following names are of English origin? Which 
French? Spanish? Indian? Dutch? 



New Jersey. 
Canandaigua. 


Spuyten Duj^vil. 
Missouri. 


Ontario. 
Potomac. 


Oneida. 

Maine. 

San Francisco. 


Brooklyn. 

Mohawk. 

Suffolk. 


Philadelphia. 

Alleghany. 

Colorado. 


St. Louis. 


Florida. 


Chelsea. 


Ealeigh. 


Duluth. 


Tennessee. 


Los xingeles. 
Indiana. . 


Oregon. 
Eochester. 


Mississippi. 
Gravesend. 


Connecticut. 


Hartford. 


Montana. 


Milwaukee. 
Michigan. 


Pittsburg. 
San Jose. 


Vicksburg. 
Pueblo. 


Greenbush. 


Monongahela. 


Catskill. 


Niagara. 

Kentucky. 

Hudson. 


Pennsylvania. 

Boston. 

Onondaga. 


Long Island. 

Kansas. 

Vermont. 


Savannah. 


Cambridge. 


Cincinnati. 


Alinneapolis. 
St. Paul. 


Alabama. 
Helena. 


Memphis. 
California. 


Utica. 


Concord. 


Utah. 


Ohio. 


Springfield. 


Sacramento. 


Dunkirk. 


Illinois. 


WilkesbaiTe. 


Gettyshurg. 
Lcadville. 


• Vallejo. 
Manitou. 


Denver. 



OETHOGEAPHY. (Answers.) 



1. (a) The art cf uttering or pronouncing words correctly, 
(b) The dividing of words into syllables. (c) A superior 
force -)i voico placed upon a syllable or syllables of a word dis- 
tinguishing such syllables from all others, (d) Orthography 
treats of letters and of the art of spelling words correctly. 

2. (s) A mark or character used as the representative of a 
,;sound or sounds, (b) A single sound made by one articulate 



12 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

utterance, (c) A syllable or combination of syllables express- 
ing a single component part of human speech, (d) A group of 
words making complete sense, (e) A grouping of sentences 
vvhich include unity of thought. 

3. A vocal sound moditied by resonance in every case from 
some kind of obstruction by the mouth organs. The vowels are 
a, e, i, 0, '•% and as (two) ru and i/ are sometimes vowels, they 
are called semi-vowels. Also e and oo in certain cases as well 
as I, m, n and r when they fulfill the office of a vowel in forming 
syllables. Tho Aspirates (10) are f, h, Ic, p, s, t, sli, ch, th 
and tvh. 

4. Consonants are those letters which cannot be sounded per- 
fectly without the aid of a vowel. The union of two vowels in 
one sound. The union of three vowels in one sound. 

5. Long, short, caret sound, Italian a. Broad a, silent a, and 
obscure sounds, respectively. 

6. Long, long, caret sound, tilde e, silent e, short e. The a 
m the last syllable in cabbage has the long sound, somewhat ob- 
scured, however, because of the accent. The e in college is ob- 
scure. 

7. Long, short, sound of e, tilde i, obscure, short. 

(S Long sound of u sound of oo, caret o_, sound of Uj short, 
tilde e, obscure. 

9. Long, caret ii, sound of short e, sub semi-dieresis u, short 
u, sub dieresis u, same as in true, obscure or short. 

10. Long, short, substitute for tilde e, obscure or short. 
They are consonants when they immediately precede a vowel 
sounded in the same syllable. xAt all other times they are vowels. 

11. The u is a vowel and i is a consonant. U is equivalent 
to yu and is therefore both a consonant and a vowel. E is silent 
by Webster, Worcester and Smart; a vowel by Walker: and a 
consonant being a substitute for y by Smart. Lnperial Die. and 
Encyc. Die. 

12. Two signs or characters used to express a single articu- 
lated sound. 'I'he former contains a diphthong, the latter a 
digraph. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 13 

13. c has four sounds and is sometimes silent. cTi has three 
sounds, s has four sounds, x- has two sounds. 
11. Soiant, sonant, surd, surd. 

15. Like sl'un, zliun, slian. They are pronounced like shal 
as in facial, partial, photopsial. 

16. Sims; herbaceous, loquacious, fractious, jus; gorgeous, 
egregious. 

17. Sound of f. 

18. Two ; also consonant values in combinations with other 
letters. 

19. In caesural, like short e. In air like caret a. In goal, 
like long a. In fauxpas like long o. In awe like broad a. In 
says like short e. In peel like long e. In vain like long a. In 
whey like long a. In monsieur like tilde e. In patois like broad 
a. In brooch like long o. 

:?0. Three, mutes, semi-vowels and liquids. Mutes are those 
that admit of no sound without the aid of a vowel. Liquids are 
those that readily unite with other sounds, because they are 
said to flow into them. 

31 Dertals arc d, /.. ;, z, s, also th, cli,, sh and zh. Because 
of articulation by the teeth and tongue. The palatals are g, Tc, 
h and y. 

22. It is silent. The sound of sli as in enunciate; numb. 

23. a and / respectively as ghost, laugh. 

24. The sound of /. 

25. An aspirate ;:ound; silent. 

26. It is a guttiirfil surd mute sounded like hard c^ ch, gJi, 
cu, gu., gue and g. K is silent before n in the same syllable. 

27. Two. It is silent in could and similar words, m is 
silent before n in the same syllable as in mnemonic. 

28. It is silent after m as in hymn, solemn, etc., unless suf- 
fixes be added; after / in the same syllable as kiln; in the par- 
ticiples condemned, limning, etc. 

29. It is a labial mute, long sound. 

30. ph has three sounds as in phantom, Stephen, naphtha. 
Two as in queen, and in burlesque. 



14 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

31. Three. The second r in myrrh is silent. A beautiful 
trill is given the word. Oral, war, where, rhetoric. 

32. Four. Sibilant or natural sound; the sonant or sound 
of z. 1>3^ fusion when followed by i, tt or e ; when followed by a 
y sound and preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable as in 
vision, pleasure, etc. 

33. Three. The surd or natural sound yet if the word be 
made plural the sound becomes sonant. 

34. y i? never silent. 

35. When followed by In. or beginning a syllable. Two. The 
?ound of Q7.. 

36. Two each. Yes; in eyry, rendezvous, hallelujah. 

37. There is a syllable for each vowel or for each vocal sound 
which may contain a digraph, trigraph, diphthong or triphthong. 

38. A monosyllable, dissyllable, trisyllable, polysyllable. 

39. Simple or primitive words are those not derived from 
any other in the same language. A compound word is com- 
posed of two or more simple words. A derivative word is formed 
by the addition of one or more letters to a simple word. 

40. An addition before the primitive; an addition following 
the primitive. 

41. See 39. 

42. Spelling is naming in order the letters of a word. It 
should be taught both by oral and written exercises; given in 
connection with readiug; and attention given to definitions. 

43. (1) The letters s, f and I, following a single vowel are 
generally doubled at the end of monosyllables. In a few in- 
stances h, i, g, m, n, r, t and ?^ are so used. 

(2) Final e silent following a consonant sound is generally 
retained before a consonant suffix. 

(3) Final e silent preceded by a vowel sound except e is 
usually dropped before a consonant suffix. 

(4) Final e silent is dropped before a voAvel suffix unless its 
omission woud make c ot g hard or obscure the meaning. 

(5) Words ending in le drop 5 and change i to y before ing. 

(6) Words ending in y after a consonant change y to i before 
suffixes unless the suffix begins with i. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 

(7) Words ending in y following a vowel usually retain the 
y before all suffixes. 

(8) A single consonant ending an accented syllable is usually 
doubled before a vowel suffix. 

(9) Derivatives of words ending in a double consonant retain 
both unless it brings three similarly sounded letters toegther. 

(10) Full added to a word for the final syllable drops one h 
Answers may differ. 

44. (1) A period should be placed at the end of declarative 
and imperative sentences. 

(2) Members of a sentence requiring a slight suspension of 
voice should be separated by commas. 

(3) Short sentences in the same paragraph may be separated 
by a semi-colon. 

(4) Use the colon to precede an itemized list of articles or 
after the words there. 

(5) Place an exclamation point at the end of exclamatory 
and interrogation point at the close of interrogative sentences. 
(Answers may differ.) 

45. iin, iin, in and il mean not as uninvited, immaterial, in 
active, illogical, dis from the Latin means not, from the Greek, 
into, as dislike, dissyllable, anti means against or oposite as 
antipodes. 

4G. Joyful, full of joy; manly, like a man; progressing, in 
n continuous state of progress; soulless, without a soul. 

47. This must bo done orally. The first two words have the 
same number of sounds h, e, cli; wax has four sounds as w a A: s; 
gay, two g and a. Silent, six as designated by its letters. 

48. Conjure, accent on the first syllable, is a noun, meaning 
enchantment ; accented on the second syllable it is a verb mean- 
ing to entreat. Many others exhibit similar changes. 

49. Cadmus, a Phoenician. The Chinese. 

50. A word having the same sound as another but different 
in meaning. A word of opposite meaning from another word. 
Words which are equivalent to each other because of nearness in 
moaning. 

51. A letter uttered with a hissing sound as s and z. 



16 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



52. T^eign, tete-a-tete, obey. 

53. The name of a letter is the appellation by which it is 
known, while the power is its sound in a word. The power 
changes but the name never. 

54. Messrs. Mesdames, Misses. 

55. The first word adds a suffix beginning with i whereas 
the latter has a suffix beginning with a consonant. See 43. 

56. Aye or a, aitch, uu, ja, ka, queue, ze. 

57. TJxi, in, non, ir, il, dis. 

58. From the Saxon it means on or in, out of or from as 
abed, etc.; from the Latin it means away as avert; from the 
Greek withoui as apostate. 

59. Webster's is regarded as the safest guide on spelling, 
while Worcester's is standard on pronunciation. They are about 
equal on definitions. 

60. It is gaining recognition very slowly because of (1) its 
newness, (2) its barbaric appearance, (3) its tendency to cause 
pupils to lose meanings otherwise learned by root formations 
and affixes, (4) its doing away with spelling as a science, (5) 
and the general radical tendency of would-be reformers to correct 
the errors of pedagogues whose instruction in orthography is 
not requisite for the boy or girl leaving college. 



Kansas. 

Cambridge. 

Helena. 

Leadvile. 

Maine 

Pennsylvania. 

Hudson. 

Minneapolis. 

Concord. 

New Jersey. 

St. Louis. 



ENGLISH ORIGIN 

Suffolk. 

Indiana. 

Pittsburg. 

Long Island. 

Vermont. 

Alabama. 

Springfield. 

Brooklyn. 

Chelsea. 

Gravesend. 

FRENCH ORIGIN. 

Duluth. 
St. Paul. 



Vicksburg. 

Boston. 

Savannah. 

Memphis. 

Gettysburg. 

Philadelphia. 

Raleigh. 

Hartford. 

Greenbush. 

Cincinnati. 



Tennessee. 







READING. 






ST 


>ANISH ORIGIN. 




San Francisco. 




San Jose. 


Denver. 


Arizona. 




Vallejo. 


Los Angeles. 


Sacramento. 




Florida. 


California. 


Colorado. 




Pueblo. 


Montana. 



17 



INDIAN ORIGIN. 



Ontario. 


Michigan. 


Manitou. 


Mohawk. 


Onondaga. 


Pontiac. 


Connecticut. 


Illinois. 


Mississippi. 


Kentucky. 


Missouri. 


Niagara. 


Ohio. 


Oregon. 


Utica. 


Canandaigna. 


Monongahela. 


Utah. 


Allegheny. 


DUTCH ORIGIN. 




Spuyten Duyvil. 


Rochester. 


Milwaukee. 


Dunkirk. 


Wilkesbarre. 


Catskill. 




READING. 





(Questions.) 

1. Define reading and distinguish betwen oral and silent 
reading. 

2. What is elocution? 

3. Define articulation, emphasis, inflection. 

4. What is absolute emphasis? antithesis? 

5. What is circumflex? 

6. Define modulation. 

7. What is monotone ? 

8. Define and name the different kinds of pauses. 

9. What is slur ? cadence ? 

10. What is force? quantity? stress? 

11. What is quality ? pitch? compass? 



18 THE WEST VIRGINIA E:S:AMiNER. 

12. What is gesture ? personation? transition? 

13. Define simile and metaphor. 

14. What is an allegory? Give examples. 

15. Define metonymy, synecdoche, irony, interrogation. 

16. Name three qualities which a model set of readers should 
possess. 

17. Name six British poets and name one poem written by 
each. 

18. Name six British prose writers — three historians and 
three novelists and one work of each. 

19. Eepeat 16 as to American authors. 

20. Eepeat 17 as to American authors. 

21. Wliat advantage is there in teaching pupils to spell 
phonetically ? disadvantages ? 

22. What are the principal organs of speech? 

23. What is voice and how is it produced ? 

24. Name the errors usually heard in articulation. 

25. What is the rule for pronouncing words that commence 
with a consonant ? That commence with a vowel ? 

26. What is the rule for pronounciation when one word 
ends and another begins with the same letter ? 

27. What is expression ? orotund ? tremor ? 

28. What inflection has the language of concession, .polite- 
ness, admiration, entreaty, and tender em.otions ? 

29. What inflection has the language of command, rebuke, 
contempt, exclamation and terror? 

30. What is the rule for suspensive quantity ? 

31. Name the authors of the respective selections from school 
readers. "The Gentle Hand,'' "Star of Bethlehem," "The Light 
of Other Days," "Burial of John Moore," "The Bobolink," "The 
New South," "Marco Bozzaris," "The Coyote of the Desert." 

32. Associate authors with the following pseudonyms: "M. 
Quad," "Mark Twain," "Boz," "Jas. Henry Fitzboodle, Esq., 
"Gedrge Eliot," "Artemus Ward," "Petroleum V. Nasby," "Poor 
Eichard," "Josh Billings," "Sage of Concord." 

33. How would you teach the alphabet? 



READING. 19 

34. Eecommend a course of reading for a pupil fourteen 
years of age. 

35. How much preparation should teachers make for reading 
exercises ? 

36. Associate a selecticai with each of the following authors: 
— Tennyson, Goldsmith, Dr. Johnson, Dickens, Thackeray, 
Burns, Cowper, Cooper, Taylor, Irving, Longfellow, Whittier, 
Eiyant, Lowell. 

37. Who wrote, "Quercus Alba," "Death ol Little Nell? 
"Excelsior^* ? "What Constitutes a Statr"? "We are Seven"? 
"Thanatopsis"? "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"? "Three Sun- 
days in a Week"? "Pilgrims Progress"? "The Southern Sol- 
dier" ? "Dissertation on Roast Pig ?" 

38. Eepcat the first stanza of Thanatopsis; Hamlets Solilo- 
quy ; Longfellow's Poem to the Children ; Milton's sonnet on his 
Blindness. 

39. Who sat up one night to write a 1; ook in order to pay his 
•nother's faneral expenses? What was the title of the book? 

40. What author married a women seven years his senior? 
What was her name? 

41. Why did Irving remain a bachelor? 

42. Paraj^hrase the first stanza of "Paul Revere's Ride." 

43. Scan the first stanza of Gray's Elegy in a Country 
Churchyard and give the number of poetic feet. 

44. What is meant by poetic license ? 

45. What is the definition of a definition ? 

46. What is the best method of teaching definitions? 

47. What is facial expression ? 

48. What is back of gesture ? 

49. Name six principal positions of gesture. 

50. Give position in reading. 

51. What about poise and attitude of the body? 

52. Who wrote the "Song of the Shirt" ? 

53. What writer was greatly interested in the Indians? 

54. Who wrote under the signature "Timothy Titcomb" ? 

55. What writer was beheaded by James I? 

56. What poet was a shoemaker in early life ? 



20 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

57. Who wrote an Essay on Man? 

58. What poet wrote the famous poem, "Thanatoipsis," when 
only nineteen years of age ? 

59. What poet was drowned, his body burned and the ashes 
deposited in Eome ? 

60. Who wrote "Enoch Arden" ? 

61. Who was called the Poet-painter ? 

62. What American poet is a New Yovk stock broker? 

63. Who was the most famous English novelist ? 

64. Who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" ? 

65. Who was the author of "Hail Columbia" ? 

66. Who wrote the "Guardian Angel" ? 

67. What celebrated American poet died an inebriate? 

68. Who wrote the "Hoosier School-master" ? 

69. What English humorous writer died in poverty? 

70. What famous American poet lived in the historical 
"Craigie House" ? 

71. What poet of to-day spent a part of his youth as a roving 
sign-painter ? 

72. Who wrote "Over the Hills ta the Poor House" ? 



EEADING. 

(Answers.) 

1. Reading consists in imbibing thought from the printed or 
written page. Oral reading is the conveying to the hearer or 
hearers fully and clearly the ideas and feelings of the writer, 
while silent reading is the perusal of a selection for the personal 
benefit only of the one engaged. 

2. Oratorical or expressive delivery of sentences including the 
graces of intonation and gesture as a public exercise. 

3. Articulation is the correct utterance of letters or syllables 
composing sounds. Emphasis is more forcible utterance of cer- 
tain words in a sentence. Inflection is the sliding of the voice 
upward or downward in reading, speaking or reciting. 

4. Absolute emphasis is that stress of voice placed upon 



bEADIKCl. ^1 

words wiiicii indicate important ideas not in contrast with other 
words. Antithesis is stress of voice placed upon words used in 
contrast. It is sometimes called relative emphasis. 

5. Circumflex is a union of rising and falling inflection upon 
the same word or syllable to express irony, sarcasm or negative 
meaning. 

6. Modulation is a change in voice indicating key, compass, 
quality, quantity and force of expression. 

7. It is a prevailing sameness of tone throughout a phrase 
clause or sentence appropriate to grand, grave or sublime lan- 
guage. 

8. Grammatical pauses, thoi,e introduced for the purpose of 
clearness. Ehetorical pauses, those introduced for the sake of 
force. The latter are sometimes necessary where there are no 
]:unctuation marks. 

9. Indistinct pronunciation. A falling of the voice usually 
at the end of a sentence. Eythmical modulation of sounds. 

10. Force is strength of voice. Quantity denotes the rate of 
i;tterance or the time occupied in pronunciation. 

Force of utterance expended upon words or syllables to indi- 
cate emphasis or accent. 

11. Quality has reference toi the expression of tones designat- 
ed by terms high, low, rough, smooth, soft and harsh. Pitch is 
the tone or keynote on which the most of the matter of an exer- 
cise is read or spoken. Compass is the distance on the scale, 
above and below the pitch, over which the voice passes to secure 
correct expression. 

12. Any action of body or limbs intended to express an idea 
or a passion, or to enforce emphasis, argument, assertion, or opin- 
ion. The act 'of imitating the person or character of another. 
A direct or indirect passing from one subject td another. 

13. A simile is a figure of comparison introduced by like or 
as. A metaphor is practically the same figure with the omission 
of the introductory words. 

14. An allegory is a continued metaphor as Bunyan's "Pil- 
grims Progress," the book of "Job," Swift's "Gulliver's Trav- 
els/' etc. 



23 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

15. Metonymy is a designation of an object by one of its ac- 
companiments. The synecdoche conveys a meaning more or less 
than it literally denotes. Irony is a form of expression in which 
the opposite is substituted for what is intended with an evident 
design. Interrogation is an affirmation in the form of a ques- 
tion. 

16. They should be well graded, contain sufficient notes and 
explanations to assist pupils in their preparation of lessons and 
contain selections which would inculcate a love for the purest 
and best in literature. 

17. Shakespeare — Macbeth; Milton — Paradise Lost; Ten- 
n3^son — In Memoriam; Pope — Essay on Man; Byron — Childe 
Harold's Pilgrimage; Dryden — The Hind and the Panther. 

18. Green — History of English People; McCaulay — History 
of England; Creasy — Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. 
Dickens — David Copperfield; Thackeray — ^Vanity Fair; Scott 

■^Ivanhoe. 

19. Longfellow — Evangeline; Whittier — Snow Bound; Low- 
ell — Fable for Critics; Pae — The Bells; Holmes — The Boys; 
Carleton — Farm Ballads. 

20. Irving — Life of Washington; Prescott — Conquest of 
Peru; Motley — Eise of the Dutch Republic. Cooper — Leather 
Stocking Tales; Taylor — Views Afoot; Hawthorne — Scarlet 
Letter. 

21. It has a tendency to correct pronunciation and early read- 
ing for primary pupils. When used alone pupils are poor spellers 
and unable to distingiush meanings of words pronounced alike. 

22. The mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, and vocal chords.. 

23. Voice is that utterance of articulate sound produced by 
the vocal chords as a pair of membranous reeds which being con- 
tinually forced apart by out going currents of breath and con- 
tinually brought together by elasticity break the breath current 
into puffs or pulses sufficiently rapid to cause the sensation of 
tone. 

24. Feeble utterance of accent, omission of sub-vocals or as- 
pirates, imperfect utterance of first or last syllable of a word. 



READING. • 23 

neglect of short pauses, speaking too rapidly, running words to- 
gether. 

25. The muscles of the lips and tongue must be called into 
action vigorously and promptly. Form the tone in the roof of the 
mouth and articulate with precision, carefully. 

2G. Make a slight pause between the words. 

27. Eendering of sense and sentiment in the clearest, fullest, 
most appropriate manner. Pure tone with large volume and 
more force. Trembling of the voice as exhibited in excitement, 
W'eakness or aged persons. 

28. Eising inflection. 

29. Falling inflection. 

30. In sentences containing IF, WHEN, AS, SO, etc., the 
sense is suspended until the close and the falling inflection is 
used. 

31. T. S. Arthur, Lew Wallace, Tom Moore, Chas. Wolfe, W. 
Irving, Henry W. Grady, Fitz Green Halleck, S. L. Clemens. 

32. Charles Lewis, S. L. Clemens, Chas. Dickens, Washing- 
ton Irving, Mrs. Maria Evans, Charles F. Broune, D. E. Locke, 
Ben Franklin, Henry W. Shaw, E. W. Emerson. 

33. Incidentally along and in connection with primary read- 
ing. Take only such letters as appear in the words in exercises 
at first. 

34:. AYarner's, "Being a Boy'^; Longfellow's "Hiawatha"; 
Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans"; Eliot's "Mill on the Floss"; 
Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield"; Scott's "Ivanhoe"; Hugo's 
"Les Miserables"; Cervante's "Don Quixote"; Dickens' "J^ich- 
olas Nickleby," Twain's "Innocence Abroad," Wallace's "Ben 
Hur"; Hawthorne's "Grandfather's Chair"; Taylor's "Views 
Afoot"; Irving's "History of Columbus and Washington"; 
Parkman's "Oregon Trail"; Prescott's "Mexico and Peru"; 
Shakespeare's "Caesar and Hamlet"; Lamb's Tales from Shakes- 
peare; The "Henty" Books. 

For a girl substitute the "FINLEY" Books " 

35. They should thoroughly understand the life of the author, 
the emotions and feelings governing the writer at the time the 
selection was written, and have studied the lesson in detail. 



24 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

36. ''Enoch Arden/' "The Deserted Village," ''A Picture of 
Human Life/' "Death of Little Nell," Sketch from "Vanity 
Fair," "Cotter's Saturday Night/' "John Gilpin/' "A Chase in 
the English Channel/' "In London/' "The Alhambia by Moon- 
light," "The Village Blacksmith/' "The Barefoot Boy/' "Than- 
atopsis," "The Heritage." 

37. Jane Andrews, Dickens, Longfellow,* Sir William Jones, 
Wordsworth, Bryant, Lord Byron, E. A. Poe, John Bunyan, Hen- 
ry Grady, Charles Lamb. 

38. For lack of space we refer you to the readers. 

39. Dr. Samuel Johnson. Rasselas. 

40. Shakespeare. Anne Hathaway. 

41. Because of the death of the only girl he ever loved. 

42. Listen, my children, and you shall hear of Paul Eevere's 
midnight ride. There is hardly alive now a man who remembers 
that famous eighteenth day of April, in the year 177.5. 

43. ua ua ua ua ua. 

It is Iambic pentameter which an iambic foot of an unac- 
cented and an accented syllable in regular order, and each line is 
five of those feet in length. 

44. It is the use of adverbs for adjectives, abridgments, and 
so forth, in order to keep the rhythm in perfect m^easure. 

45. A definition should be so explicit as to exclude every- 
thing else and include nothing but that which is intended and 
this should be so plain as to leave no doubt of the true meaning. 

46. Teach them in connection with reading exercises, and re- 
quire pupils to substitute words for others frequently. 

47. Facial expression consists in being eo earnest in the ex- 
pression of thoughts or words that the feeling is communicated 
to others. It is the soul of elocution. 

48. Impulse. 

49. Hand supine — assertion, demand, etc. 

" reflex — concentration, reflection. 

" averse — repulsion, surprise. 

" index — attention to particular object. 

" clasped — supplication, adoration. 

" clenched — emphasis, anger, etc. 



PENMANSHIP. 25 

50. Stand with the feet at an angle of 75 degrees with the 
weight thrown n^^on the halls of the feet^ hips thrown backward, 
chest held np and full, and head erect. 

51. They should he graceful, and above all natural. 

(Answers to questions 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 34, 36 may differ 
from thase given here and yet be correct.) 

52. Thomas Hood. 

53. Helen Hunt Jackson. 

54. Josiah Gilbert Holland. 

55. Walter Ealeigh. 

56. John G. Whittier. , 

57. Alexander Pope. 

58. William C. Bryant. 

59. Percy B. Shelley. 

60. Alfred Tennyson. 

61. Thomas B. Eead. 

62. Edmund C. Stedman. 

63. Charles Dickens. 

64. Francis S, Key. 

65. Joseph Hopkinson. 

66. Oliver W. Holmes. 

67. Edgar A. Poe. 

68. Edward Eggleston. 

69. Samuel Butler. 

70. Henrv W. Lons^fellow. 

71. James Whitcomb Eiley. 

72. Will Carleton. 



PENMANSHIP. 

(Questions.) 



1. What is penmanship ? 

2. Name the kinds of movement used in writing. 

3. Describe each. 

4. Name and define the different kinds of position, 



26 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

5. Name and define the different line^. 

6. What is an angle ? a loop ? a turn ? a point ? 

7. What is a space in height? in width? 

8. Classify the letters. 

9. What is slant? What degree is most coimmonly used? 

10. What are principles ? Name them. 

11. How should the pen be held ? 

12. What is meant by uniformity in writing ? 

13. How did the vertical system come into use ? 

14. Give advantages and disadvantages of vertical system. 

15. What names are given to the compromise between verti- 
cal and slant writing ? 

16. How many degrees does it slant ^ 

17. What is the width of the extended lodp ? 

18. How do you secure legibility? 

19. How does it rank in importance ? 

20. Write a business letter ; an invitation. 

21. Where do small letters begin ? 

22. What is shading and what are the principal rules for 
shading? 

23. What important things are often omitted in writing? 

24. When should flourishing be used ? 



PENMANSHIP. 

(Answers.) 

1. Penmanship is the art of writing. 

2. Finger, Fore-arm, Whole Arm and Combination move- 
ments. 

3. The finger movement is that in which the arm and hand 
rest and the fingers and thumb contract. Fore-arm consists in 
the muscular action of the arm below the elbow, keeping the first 
and secottid fingers from motion. The whole arm, is just what it 
indicates there being no muscular rest The combination is 
united action of fore-arm and finger movements. 

4. Front, facing the desk with feet in front of body; Eighty 



PENMANSHIP. 27 

with face at right angles with desk to left and feet to the left; 
Left, with face to the right, at right angles with desk, feet to the 
right, etc. 

5. A straiglit line has noi change of direction. A curved line 
has a continuous change of direction. Parallel lines have the 
same direction and are equally distant from each other. A hori- 
zontal line is one on a level. A vertical line is upright leaning 
neither to the right nor the left. The hase line is one upon 
which the letters rest. The liead line is that line tci which the 
short letters extend. The intermediate line is one to which semi- 
extended letters extend. The top line is one to which the highest 
letters extend. 

6. Opening between two lines ; two crossing lines uniting at 
or near one end; merging of one distinct line into another; be- 
ginning or ending of a line, 

7. The height represented by the small letter e; the width 
lepresented by the small letter u. 

8. Extended letters are h, k, 1, b, j, y, g, f, z. Semi-extended 
letters are t, d, p, q. Short letters are all the others. 

9. Slant is the inclination of letters from a vertical position. 
52°. 

10. Principles are the constituent parts of letters, There are 
seven (1) straight line, (2) right curve, (3) left curve, (4) capi- 
tal stem, (5) extended loop, (6) direct oval, (7) reverse oval. 

11. Hold the pen between the first two fingers and the thumb, 
sol that it will cross the first two fingers resting on the holder 
about one inch from the point of the pen. Place the thumb 
against the holder opposite the first joint of the first finger, the 
holder crossing this finger just in front of the knuckle joint. 
The third and foiurth fingers should be brought back under the 
hand, and should slide freely on the paper. 

12. By uniformity in writing is meant that the letters of the 
same kind should always have the proper spacing and same de- 
gree of slant. 

13. By observation of the first writing done by children. 

14. Advantages are: (1) Neatness, (2) legibility, (3) 
luniformity, (4) naturalness. 



28 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Disadvantages: (1) Destruction of individuality, (2) slow- 
ness, (3) impracticability. 

15. Natural slant and medial writing. 

16. 35 to 30 degrees. 

17. One space. 

18. By continued practice and avoidance of flourishes. 

19. It is of primary or first importance. 

20. Charleston, W. Va. 

Feb. 23, 1904. 
Messrs. Brown & Forbes, 
Columbus, 0. 

Gentlemen : 

On the 30 ult. we mailed you a statement of account which 
showed a balance due us of $194.25. Owing to the urgency of 
claims made upon us we are obliged to call your attention to this 
unsettled account. 

Trusting you will find it convenient to mail us a check with- 
out further delay, we remain. 

Yours respectfully, 

A. W. McGovern & Co. 
Per C. B. J. 

Dear Lillian : — 

Wil you dine with me tomorrow at six o'clock, in company 
with a few friends of ours ? 

Cousin Grace. 
114 Capitol St. 
June 7. 



21. On the base line. 

22. It is a slight pressure of the pen and should be used on 
downward stroikes only. 

23. Accuracy and rapidity. 

24. Only on business cards or invitations and the custom i§ 
disappearing even in these. 



29 
AEITHMETIG 

(Quesiions.) 

1. (a) Define arithmetic as a science; (b) as an art. 

2. Define unit^ numbers, quantity, abstract and concrete 
numbers. 

3. Define proposition, analysis, operation. 

4. What is the fundamental rule of arithmetic? Name and 
define all the fundamental rules. 

5. How many methods of expressing quantities? N"ame and 
descriloe them ? 

6. What is notation? How many methods? Name them. 
State the three principles. 

7. On what does the unit of a figure depend? 

8. Define enumeration, and give the rules for reading num- 
bers. 

9. What is the difference between simple and compound num- 
bers? 

10. If a row of ciphers be written, what does the language of 
figures determine? 

11. According to what scale dd units change? 

12. Are the numbers used in (U. S.) money abstract or con- 
crete ? 

13. Give the various signs used in arithmetic. 

14. What will be the excess over exact nines in any number 
expressed by simple significant figures? 

15. What can you prove b}' the method of casting out nines? 

16. Define reduction and name the different kinds. 

17. Define sum, minuend, subtrahend, remainder, multipli- 
cand, multiplier, product, dividend, divisor and quotient. 

18. What is a solar year? sidereal year? a lunar j^ear? a 
common year ? 

19. When does the civil dav bes^in and end? 

20. What is the multiplier always ? 

21. What is a composite number? a prime number? a fac- 
tor ? a multiple ? a measure ? 



30 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

22. Explain the process of multipl}dng by 526, and explain 
the five principles which result from this analysis. 

23. How do you multiply by 25, 121/2, 33 1-3, 621/2 ? 

24. How do you divide when the divisor is one v/ith ciphers 
annexed ? or significant figures with ciphers annexed ? 

25. What is an aliquot part? Give the principal aliquot 
parts of 100. 

26. How is the equator supposed to be divided ? How does 
the sun appear to move ? What is a day ? 

27. How far does the sun appear to move in one hour? 

28. When the sun is on the meridian how find the time East? 
West? 

29. If the difference of time between Oregon city and London 
is eight hours, what is the difference of longitude? 

30. A¥hat would be the time in Charleston, W. Va., when it 
is six p. m. at Washington, D. C. 

31. Define integral, composite and prime numbers. 

32. What is the greatest common divisor of two or more num- 
bers ? How would you find it ? 

33. Find the least common multiple of two or more num- 
bers, and give reasons. 

34. Define cancellation, fractions, improper fraction, com- 
plex fraction, compound fraction and give an example of each. 

35. Give four principles connected with fractions. 

36. A¥hat is the difference between two fractions whose nu- 
merators are each one? Explain fully. 

37. Why invert the divisor in division of fractions? Can 
division be solved without inverting the diviror? Illustrate. 

38. What is the difference between common and decimal 
fractions? 

39. Give the rule and reason for writing decimals. 

40. Hovr does the value change from left toward the right in 
decimals ? 

41. AVhat difference does it make in annexing or prefixing a 
cipher, or ciphers, to a decimal? 

42. In the different processes used in decimals, how is the 
placing of the decimal point determined ? 



ARITHMETIC. 31 

43. Hciw would you change a common to a decimal fraction 
and vice versa? 

44. What other name has common fractions ? W^iat is a cir- 
culating decimal? 

45. Define single repetend, pure repetend, compound repe- 
tend, conterminous and dissimilar repetends? 

46. Define ratio and proportion and give the name and num- 
ber of terms in each. ■ 

47. In how many and what ways may ratio be expressed ? 

48. Define simple ratioi, compound ratio, causes and effects. 

49. Define partnership, capital, dividend, loss and gain. 

50. What is meant by share, par value, assessment, flurry 
and corner as used in stock market ? 

51. Define per cent., percentage, base and rate. 

52. Explain the difference between simple and annual in- 
terest. 

53. Define principal, amount, legal interest, compound inter- 
est and partial payments. 

54. In every interest problem, how many and what questions 
must be considered ? 

55. What is meant by the face of a note, discount, present 
■worth and negotiable ncite ? 

56. State the difference between true and bank discount. 

57. Define corporation, charter, commission and brokerage. 

58. Define the different kinds of insurance. 

59. What do you understand by the ^''expectations of life?" 
What tables are based thereon? 

60. Give the whole process required in making out a tax 
ticket. 

61. Explain fully the source and creation of each column on 
said ticket. 

62. Define custom-house, port of entry and tonnage. 

63. What is the difference between specific and advalorem du- 
ties? 

64. What do the laws of Congress direct in relation to for- 
eign goods? 



32 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

65. Define gross weighty net weight and the different kinds 
of tare. 

66. What is equation of payments^ and how do jou find the 
average time of payments? 

67. What name is given to the date from which time is 
reckoned. 

68. What is the difference hetween Alligation medial and 
Alligation alternate? 

69. Define coins, cnrrency, domestic and foreign exchange. 

70. What is a Bill of Exchange, and how is such bill drawn ? 

71. Define endorsement, maker, drawee, protest and arbitra- 
tion. 

72. How is freight valued? cargo? ship? 

73. "Wliat is meant by the ship builder's rule in reference to 
the tonnage of vessels ? 

74. Define involution, evolution, power, root, expt)nent. 

75. Why use 300 and 30 in forming partial divisors in the 
extraction of cube root? 

76. (a) Define and name the different angles, (b) also 
triangles. 

77. Knowing two sides of a right angled triangle how would 
you find the third one? 

78. How many perfect cubes are there between one and one 
thousand ? 

79. How do you extract the cube root of a decimal or com- 
mon fraction? 

80. Define arithmetical and geometrical progression. 

81. What is an increasing series? a decreasing series? 

82. Define common difference, ratio and give the rule for 
finding the sum of' the series. 

83. What is mensuration? surface? square? parallelogram? 
rectangle ? trapezoid ? pyramid ? cone ? cylinder ? 

34. What is a circle? radius? center? circumference? diame- 
ter? tangent? chord? 

85. How do you find the area of a circle? a trapezoid? a 
triangle ? 

86. What is the difference between the terms volume and 



ARITHMETIC. 33 

solid contents? Is there any difference in the rule for solution? 

87. Define base, altitude and frustrum. 

88. What is the difference between convex surface and whole 
■surface ? 

89. What is gauging? How find the mean diameter? 

90. Hov/ does the velocity of a falling body change? 

91. Define specific gravity. 

92. What is the unit of time? weig;ht? surface? length? 
currency ? 

93. Who invented the decimal point? 

94. In mental arithmetic should the pupils be allowed to* use 
the book in recitation ? 

95. What is meant by solution ? analysis? operation? 

96. In what respects are the principles involved in common 
fractions and proportion alike ? 

97. Give a short rule for squaring numbers ending in five. 

98. Give a short rule for addition. 

99. What is meant by an inscribed square? 

100. What is the difference between the terms perimeter and 
circumference 

101. What is the difference between reduction of compound 
numbers and the reduction of fractions ? 

102. From a stack of hay containing 8 tons 15 cwt. 20 lbs., I 
sold 4 tons 13 cwt. 2 lbs. ; how much had I left? 

103. Find by practice what will be the cost of 220 bushels of 
potatoes at 4s. 7d. 

104. Washington is in longitude 77° 2' West. New Orleans 
in 89° 2' West. When it is nine o'clock a. m. at Washington, 
what is the time at New Orleans ? 

105. How long will it take to count 15 million at the rate of 
60 per minute ? 

106. Three persons, A. B and C, agree to buy a lot of 63 
cows at the same price per head, provided each man can thus in- 
vest his whole money. A has $143, B $231, and C $319; how 
many cows could each man purchase ? 

107. What is the quotient of 64 times 840 multiplied by 9 
times 122, divided by 32 times 560, multiplied by 4 times 31? 



S4 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER.^ 

108. Eeduce Jxl-Sxl-SxJ to a simple fraction^ and give rule 
and reason. 

109. Eediice 2-1. 2-3^ 4-5 to a common denominator. Give 
rule and reason. 

110. Add 1-5, 3-5, 4-5 and give rule and reason. 

111. Multiply -J of I by 3-7 of 5-10, i-nd give reasons. 

112. A owned 3-5 of 200 acres of land and sold 2-3 of his 
share to B, who sold I of what he bought to C ; How many acres 
had each? 

113. If 2-7 of j of a barrel of flour will last a family one 
week, how long will 8 4-7 barrels last them? 

47fand 312-5 

114. What is the sum and difference of 

95 144 2-11 

115. A man was asked how many hogs he had; said he had 
them in three fields; in the first he had 63, which was J of 
what he had in the second and that 5-3 of what he has in the 
second was just 4 times what he had in the third. How many 
hogs had he in all? 

116. From a cellar 42 ft. 10 in. long, 12 ft. 6 in. wide, were 
throw^n 158 cu. yds. 17 cu. ft. of earth; how deep was it? 

117. Write 35 and nine ten millionths. 

118. From two hundred and twenty-seven thousands, take 
eighty-five and one hundred and two ten thousandths. 

119. By this method multiply 3,785,243 by 632.2335 and 
reserve only whole numbers in the product. 

120. What decimal part of a mile is 68 yards? 

121. Place 13-23 under the form of a continued fraction 
and find the value of each approximating fraction. 

122. A grocer bought a lot of sugar on which he lost 
16 2/3% for selling it for $3,600.00. Find the cost. 

123. A is situated in 56'' N. longitude and it is 10 o'clock a. 
m. at this place when it is eleven hrs. and 50 min. a. m. at 
another town called B. In what longitude is B ? 

124. A note given July 3, 1900 for $600 bearing legal in- 
terest has the following indorsements: Sept. 10, 1900, $85.00; 
July 3, 1901, $25.00; July 3, 1902, $20.00; Sept. 10, 1903, 



AtllTHMETIC. 35 

$150; What was due July 3, 1904 by the U. S. rule for partial 
payments? also by merchant's rule. 

125. Which is better buying sugar at 6} cents per lb. on 6 
months' credit or at 7 J cts. a lb. on 8 months' credit, at 6% 
interest ? 

126. Bought land at $8 an acre, how much must I ask per 
acre if I abate 10% and still make 20% on the purchase? 

127. ^^^lich is better 8% stock at a premium of 20%, or 
5% stock at 80%? 

128. What will be the duty on 300 bags of coffee each weigh- 
ing 160 lbs. invoiced at 6c a lb. 2% tare, and 2 cts. specific duty 
and 20% advalorem? 

129. A farmer sold some horses at $60.00 each, some oxen 
at $50.00, some cows at $30.00 each, some sheep at $10.00 each, 
some hogs at $15.00 and realized $30.00 per head, what was the 
smallest number he could sell of each? 

130. I wish to remit to London £362. 18s. 6d. It costs me 
$950. Wliat was the rate of exchange? 

131. Sold wheat for $1.50 per bu. making a profit of 1-5 of 
the cost; if sold for $1.75 per bu., what per cent, will it pay? 

132. Each side of a triangular field is 24 rds. How many 
acres in the field ? 

133. What is the capacity in bushels in a round basket 20 in. 
in diameter and 30 in. deep ? 

134. (a) Write in Eoman notation nine humored ninety- 
nine, (b) Write in i\rabic notation two million two thousand 
two and two ten-thousandths, (c) Write in words .00707. (d) 
Write in words 301 36-41. 

135. A commission merchant soild 600 baskets of grapes at 
12 J cents per basket, and after deducting $18.70 for transporta- 
tion charges and commission at 6 per cent, remitted the balance 
to the consignor. Find the amount of the remittance. 

136. Divide 440 into three parts that shall be in the ratio of 
3, 3 1-3, and 7. 

137. Write (a) in Eoman notation, 2,349; (b) in Arabic no- 
tation, MMMXLIV; (c) in Arabic notation, fifty million 
three thousand nine; (d) in words, .0804: (e) in words 29-401. 



36 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

138. (a) Give an exact divisor of 19; (b) a common multi- 
ple of 2, 3 and 5; (c) two factors of 3 9-11 one of which is an 
integer. 

139. If the factors of a divisor are IG, .375, 4^, and 5 and 
those of the dividt^nd arc 3 2-3, 14, and .011, what is the quo- 
tient? 

(Solve by cancellation.) 

140. 8 yds. 2 ft. 9 in. is what fractional part of 10 rods? 

141. The osstts of an insolvent firm, after paying all ex- 
penses, are $9,872.40, and its liabilities are $22,980.75. How 
much should A receive on his claim of $1,250? 

142. Market reports telegraphed from London to New York 
74° west, at 3 :15 p. m. should reach the New York daily papers 
at what hour, if fifteen minutes were lost in transmission ? 

143. A man owning f of a foundry sold 2-5 of his share to 
one man and 1-3 to another. What per cent, of the foundry did 
he still own ? 

144. What sum at simple interest at 4 per cent, per annum 
for 2 yr. 10 mo. will amount to $668? 

145. Find the cost of a bicycle listed at $75, 30 per cent, and 
10 per cent. off. 

146. A rectangular field is 40 rods by 28 rods. Find one 
side of a square field containig the same area. 

147. Find the cost of a walk, 3 feet wide, around a circular 
fountain that is 20 feet in diameter? Walk cost 60 cents a 
square yard. 

148. At 60 cents a square yard wdiat will it cost to make a 
walk 6 feet wide around a fountain 24 feet in diameter? 

149. What is the area of the largest square that can be cut 
from a circular piece of paper 24 inches in diameter? 

150. What is one side of a square that has the same area as 
a circle that is 40 inches in diameter 

1 51. A merchant buys goods listed at $722.40, he gets 25 and 
10 off; then sells at 5% advance. Find his whole gain. 

152. The height of a cylindrical vessel is 35 centimeters and 
the area of its base is 175 square centimeters. How many liters 
will it hold? 



ARITHMETIC. 37 

153. Allowing a thousand shingles for every 110 sq. ft. how 
many shinglec will be required for a pitched roof 40 ft. long and 
28 ft. wide on each side of the roof ? 

154. How many bricks are required for the walls of a house 
40x30x18 ft. deducting 2 doors, 7%x4, and 8 windows 51/4x4, 
walls to be one foot thick ? 

155. I can buy note paper at $1.00 per ream; if I sell it at 
the rate of 3 sheets for 2 cts., what do I make on a ream? 

156. A man can do a piece of work in 6 hours, his son in 8 
hours, and his wife in 12 hours; in what time can all three do 
three times the amount of work ? 

1 57. If I go to a coal yard and purchase a load of coal weigh- 
ing 2180 lbs. at $4.50 per ton, and agree to pay for it in oats at 
42 cts. per bushel of 30 lbs., how much oats will be required ? 

158. How many pounds of coal at $4.40 per ton, will a man 
earn in a day, who works for $175 a year, counting the working 
days only? 

159. What is the value of a load of wood 8 ft. 10 in. long, 2 
ft. 4 in. high, and 3 ft. 8 in. wide, at $4.00 per cord ? 

160. The driving wheels of an engine are 5 ft. in diameter, 
and make 4 revolutions per second; how long will it take the 
engine to run 10 miles ? 

161. Mr. A. is a quarter of a mile ahead of Mr. B. He walks 
at the rate of 97 yds. per minute; Mr. B. follows at the rate of 
30G yds., in three minutes. How long will it take B to over- 
take A. ? 

162. A drover buys 2500 sheep at $3.10 a head; his expenses 
in getting them to market and sold are 1/2 cent per head per day 
for the siieep, and $3.00 per day for himself and horse. He is 
50 days in getting the sheep sold; 20 of them die, 10 are sold for 
$1.00 a head, 300 are sold for cost, and the remainder are sold 
for $4.00 a head; does the man make or lose on the drove, andi 
how much? 

163. A farmer has his sheep in two fields; the difference in 
number in each is equal to 4-5 the number in 'the less field. In 
all he has 280 sheep ; how many in each field ? 



38 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

164. What is the value of a piece of land 90 rds. long, 75 
rds. wide, at $70 per acre? 

165. A lady drew 1-3 of her money from the bank, and paid 
37I/2 per cent of it for a house costing $5,700; how much money 
had she remaining in bank ? 

166. Sold cotton on commission, at 10 per cent.; invested 
the net proceeds in sugar; commission 4 per cent.; my whole 
commission was $420. What was the value of the cotton and 
sugar ? 

167. What is the interest due on a note for $750, dated 
Sept. 3, 1883, interest payable annually, if no payments are made 
until March 1, 1887 ? 

168. The thrc-e sides of a field are 56 rods, 72 rods, and 98 
rods, respectively; what is the area? 

169. An article was sold at a gain of 1-10. If it had cost 
$120 more the same selling price would have entailed a loss ol 
1-10. Find cost. 

170. A lady went into a store, spent % of her money and $1/2 
besides; she did this for three times when she had nothing left. 
How much money had she at first? 

171. A room is 80 ft. long, 35 ft. wide, and 25 ft, high; what 
is the length of the shortest path a spider can travel, by walls 
and floor, frqm the n. e. upper comer to the s. w. lower corner? 

172. A tree 100 ft. in height is standing at the edge of a 
canal 80 ft. in width; how many feet from the ground must this 
tree break, so that the top will reaeh across the canal, while the 
broken parts remain m contact? 

173. A and B start from different points and travel toward 
each other. When they meet, A^s watch is 40 minutets slow and 
B's 1 hour fast. How far apart are the starting points? In 
what direction did each travel? 

174. If I loan my money for a given time at 6 per cent., I 
shall receive $720, interest; but if I loan it for three years longer 
I shall receive $1,800 interest. Find principal and time. 



ARITHMETIC. 39 

AEITHMETIC. (Answers.) 

1. (a) Arithmetic is the science of numbers (b) and the 
art of computing by them. 

2. A unit is the standard b}^ which we measure a given quan- 
tity. Number is a collection of units. Quantity is an3^thing cap- 
able of increase or decrease. Abstract numbers are those re- 
ferring to a collection of units indefinitely, while concrete num- 
bers point out definitely the objects in a collection. 

3. A proposition is something proposed for solution. An- 
alysis is the mental explanation of a problem. Operation is the 
actual figures exhibiting all the necessary processes in the solu- 
tion of a problem. 

4. Addition, because it is the ground work of all processes. 
It is the process of uniting two or more quantities into one 
sum or amount. Subtraction is the process of finding the dif- 
ference between two numbers. Multiplication is the process of 
taking one number as many times as there are units in another. 
Division is the process of finding one of the factors of a product 
when the product and another factor is given. 

5. Four. By words as in notation. By figures as most com- 
monly used in arithmetic. By Eoman letters as used in number- 
ing chapters of a book or indexes and appendices. By small 
letters as in algebra and geometry. 

6. The art of writing numbers. Three. 

(1) Words. 

(2) Letters. 

(3) Figures. 

7. Upon the place it occupies. 

8. It is the art of reading numbers. First read each group, 
or period of three figures, as though is stood alone, then add 
the name of the period so continuing from the highest period to 
units — from left to right. 

9. Simple numbers are of the same denomination while com- 
pound numbers are of different denominations. Also in the 
former ten units of a lower order always make one of the next 
higher, while in compound numbers the number of units differ 
in this respect. 



40 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

10. That you havo not written a number because you have 
nowhere used a digit. The cipher is neither a digit nor figure. 

11. A decimal scale of 10 passing for a given unit to the 
next higher. In periods it comprises hundreds, tens and units. 

12. Concrete. 

13. Plus +, minus — , divided by -^-, multiplied by X? par- 
enthesis (), radical V? P^^ cent %. 

14. Just the exact remainder as would occur if the number 
be divided by 9. 

15. All the fundamental processes of arithmetic. 

16. It is the changing from one denomination to another 
in compound quantities. Eeduction ascending and descending. 

17. Result obtained in addition; first quantity in subtrac- 
tion; second quantity in subtraction; result in subtraction; first 
quantity in multiplication; second quantity in multiplication; 
result in multiplication; Quantity divided in division; given 
factor in division; second factor in division. 

18. The exact time required by the earth to pass around its 
orbit is measured by the sun. The time as measured by a given 
point on the earth's surface. The time required for 12 months 
by the moon or 351 days, 8 hours, and 48 3/5 minutes. The 
year as measured by a fixed star. 365 days as given in the cal- 
endar. 

19. At midnight. 

20. An abstract number. 

21. One composed of factors; One haying no factors beside 
itself and unity; a divisor; a product; it is used either as a 
divisor or multiple. 

22. Multiply each figure of the multiplicand hy 6 placing 
the first result directly under the 6, carrying as in addition one 
for ten — and to the left until completed. In like manner use the 
2 placing the first result under the 2 because 2 here represents 
20 instead of 2; continue in precisely the same manner with 5 
placing the first result under the 5 as 5 here is practically 500 
and must go two places farther to the left than result under 6. 
Add the several partial products which are the same as though 
the multiplicand had been respectively multiplied by 500, 20 and 



ARITHMETIC. 41 

6, and then the several products added. The five principles are 
in italics. 

23. Add two ciphers and divide by 4; add two ciphers and 
divide by 8; annex two ciphers and divide by 3; annex two 
ciphers and take %. 

24. Eemove the decimal point as many places to the left as 
there are ciphers in the divisor. Cut off the ciphers and as 
many figures from the dividend. Divide placing the last re- 
mainder and remaining figures above the whole divisor for frac- 
tional part of quotient. 

25. An equal or readily discernible part of a quantity. 2, 
2 1/2, 3 1/3, 5, 6 1/4, 8 1/3, 10, 12 1/2, 14 2/7, 16 2/3, 20, 25, 
30, 33 1/3, 35, 37 1/2, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 62 1/2, 65, 66 2/3, 70, 
75, 80, 85, 87 1/2, 83 1/3, 90, 97 1/2. 

2Q^. Into 360 degrees as there are 360° in every circle. From 
east to Avest. In mathematical calculations from sunrise to sun- 
rise. 

27. Over (360-^24) fifteen degrees of longitude. 

28. Add. Subtract. 

29. 120°. 

30. 5 :45 p. m. 

31. Integral number is a whole number. See 21. 

32. The largest number that will exactly divide them. By 
tke product of all the prime factors common to each, or by divid- 
ing one by another, continuing to divide the last divisor by the 
last remainder until a remainder proved itself the devisor. 

33. Answers may differ. 

34. It is the process of canceling out equal factors in the 
dividend and divisor in order to shorten the operation. A frac- 
tion is a part of a unit. An improper fraction is a unit so ex- 
pressed, or any fractional expression greater than a unit. A 
complex fraction is a fraction divided by another fraction, or 
number, or vice versa. A compound fraction is a fraction of a 

fraction. 1/2, 5/4, ^- 3/8 of 9/10. 

35. Multiplying the numerator or dividing the denominator 



42 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

multiplies the fraction. Dividing the numerator or multiplying 
the denominator divides the fraction. 

36. The numerator will be the difference between the denom- 
inators, and the denominator the product of the denominators. 
This results from using a common denominator which is the mul- 
tiple of denominators. 

37. It is the reciprocal of unity showing first how often the 
divisor is contained in one. Yes. 4/5 are to be divided by 7/8. 
Keduce both to common denominators and we have 22/40-^ 
35/40. 35/40 is contained in 33/40 as often as 35 is contained 
in 32 which=32/35 answer. 

38. In common fractions the denominator may be any num- 
ber and it is always expressed, while in decimals it is always 
ten or some power of ten and is never expressed but understood. 

39. Write as if they were whole numbers, then enumerate 
from left to right starting with tenths from the decimal point, 
because decimals decrease in a ten-fold ratio. 

40. See 39. 

41. Annexing ciphers to the right of a decimal changes its 
name but does not alter its value. Each cipher prefixed to the 
left of a decimal divides it by ten therefore prefixing of ciphers 
decreases the value. 

42. In addition and subtraction it is placed directly under 
the points in the parts used. In multiplication count as many 
places as there are in both multiplicand and multiplier and so 
mark the product. In division the excess of decimal places in 
the dividend over those in the divisor is the guide for marking 
the quotient. When there is no excess in the dividend annex 
ciphers until each have the same number of places. 

43. Annex ciphers to the numerator and divide by the de- 
nominator. Write in the form of a common fraction and reduce 
to its lowest terms. 

44. Vulgar fractions. A decimal obtained from a common 
fraction in its lowest terms whose denominator is a prime num- 
ber except 2 and 5. One which has certain figures repeated for 
a numerator. 

45. A simple repetend as 3, 6 ; One whose figures are just one 



ARITHMETIC. 43 

less in number than the figure used as the denominator of the 
common fraction; one whose circulating does not begin until 
a figure or figures have first been obtained; end at the same 
place; do not correspond or end together. 

46. Ratio is the relation one number bears to another, or 
the quotient arising from dividing one number by another. Pro- 
portion is an equality of ratios. In ratio (2) antecedent and 
consequent. In proportion at least 4 terms consisting of two 
antecedents and two consequents ; or means and extremes, taking 
one of each. 

47. Three. The two signs of division and the colon. 

48. A single ratio as 12 to 4; two or more simple ratios 
paired together; causes are all the given quantities tending to 
produce a result; effects are items of a result in proportion. 

49. Partnership is the association of two or more persons 
in business. See Book-keeping 4 and 5. 

50. An equal part of stock, usually $100 ; face value — usually 
reckoned as 100%; amounts charged stockholders to defray ex- 
penses or losses; excitement caused by rapid selling of or deal- 
ing in articles; the purchase of a controlling interest or all of 
any one kind of stock. 

51. Per cent is so many hundreths of anything. Percentage 
is the result of multiplying the base by the rate per cent. Base 
is that upon which percentage is estimated. Rate is figure in- 
dicating how many hundreths or what % is required. 

52. Simple interest is interest on the face of a note while 
annual interest is, in addition to this, interest on interest after 
it becomes due. 

53. The sum loaned or face of a note; principal and inter- 
est added together; rate allowed by law; interest on the amount 
after interest is due and so continued; payments made in part 
on notes drawing interest. 

54. Three. Principal, time and rate. 

55. Principal or sum loaned; the sum charged by banks or 
brokers for cashing paper or buying goods ; the sum required to 
discharge a debt due at sometime in the future; one that is 
payable to order at a bank or place of deposit so it may be bought 
or sold. 



44 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

56. ^True discount is the difference between the present worth 
and face of a note. Bank discount is calculated like simple in- 
terest on the face of the note. 

57. An association of persons having legislative authority 
to transact business. The carr3dng out of such authority ex- 
emplified in the writ issued to a corporation by the Secretary 
of State. Sum charged by brokers and others for buying or 
selling goods. Sum charged by brokers for purchasing stocks 
and bonds. 

58. Fire insurance is risk taken on dwellings or personal 
property securing against destruction or damage by fire. Marine 
insurance is insurance on vessels against loss by any obstructions 
to navigation. Life insurance is insurance guaranteeing the 
life of a person for a certain time or payment to beneficiaries of 
a certain sum after death of the insured, or to the person on ac- 
count of an accident, etc. 

59. It is the mathematical estimate of mortality at certain 
ages as calculated by insurance experts. Table of Eates. 

60. From the latest land book and assessors list of personal 
property is found the valuations as charged; take these, reckon 
in regular order in each book the State tax. State School tax, 
county tax, road tax, teachers' tax, building tax, (the latter 
in districts) to which add poll tax; extend columns prove by 
footings, transfer to ticket printed for this purpose. In towns 
and cities there will be some differences as dog tax, etc., and 
absence of road tax. 

61. The sums in each column are based upon the valuation 
according to a uniform per cent for each column. This rate is 
for state purposes determined by the legislature; for county and 
road funds by the County Court; for teachers' and building 
funds by the board of education; poll tax by the legislature. 

62. Government « buildings for government ofheials or for 
receiving and shipping goods. Landing place of vessels laden 
with goods. Tonnage is the weight of the ship's cargo. 

63. The former is a duty levied on number of gallons, bush- 
els, pounds, casks, etc. The latter is a duty charged on the value 
of the goods. 



ARITHMETIC. 45 

64. That the duties must be paid by consignors before stor- 
age in custom houses is permitted. 

65. Entire weight including boxes, casks, packing, etc.; 
weight of articles separate and apart from boxes, etc. ; allowance 
made for breakage, for leaks, for packing. 

66. When several sums of money are due at different times 
it is finding an equated time of payment without loss to either 
debtor or creditor. See Book-keeping 28. 

67. The focal date. 

68. Alligation medial is finding the average price of each 
thing or article when several are taken at different prices each. 
Alligation alternate is balancing differences in prices of articles 
with an average price in order to determine how many articles 
or things may be used of a certain value or values without effect- 
ing the average. 

69. Specie. Any kind of money. Exchange between differ- 
ent parts of the same country. Exchange between foreign coun- 
tries. 

70. See Book-keeping 26. 

71. See Book-keeping 19 and 20. A protest is the affidavit 
made by the holder of a note that it was unpaid when due for the 
purpose of holding the indorsers responsible for payment. Ar- 
bitration is the settlement of bills of exchange. 

72. At so much per cwt. in accordance Avith distance and 
risk; according to invoice; according to tonnage. 

73. The rule in use prior to 1835. Multiply the length by 
the square of the breadth. It is supplanted by a better rule 
wherein actual capacity is measured and 100 cu. ft. reckoned aa 
a ton. 

74. Involution is the continued product of one factor used 
a given number of times. Evolution is the process of deter- 
mining the equal factor when a continued product is given. Boot 
is the method used in such process. Exponent is the figure at 
the right of a factor indicating the power to which it is to be 
raised. 

75. Because of the suppression of the cipher or ciphers in 
hundreds or units place in the root, the 3 in each case corre- 



46 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

spending to the three additions representing the square units in 
a face of a cube. 

76. (a) A right angle is formed by the junction of a per- 
pendicular with a horizontal line, or it represents one-fourth of 
a circle, 90°, Any angle larger than this is an obtuse angle 
while one less is an acute angle, (b) A right-angled triangle 
is one which contains a right angle. An equilateral triangle is 
one whose sides are equal. An isosceles triangle is having two 
sides equal. A scalene triangle is one with no two sides equal. 

77. If it be two short sides, add together their squares and 
extract the square root of the sum ; otherwise take the difference 
of their squares and extract the square root. 

78. Eight. 

79. In a decimal begin at the point and separate periods to 
the right. If there be not enough figures for a perfect period 
annex ciphers. In common fractions extract the root of the 
numerator and denominator separately, or first reduce to a 
decimal as preferred. 

80. The former is uniform increase or decrease in a quan 
tity by a common difference. The latter is uniform increase or 
decrease of a quantity by multiplication or division with a 
certain ratio. 

81. One in which each succeeding term is greater than the 
preceding one. It is just the opposite. 

82. It is the number added or subtracted- in arithmetical 
progression. It is the multiple or divisor in geometrical progres- 
sion. In the former multiply the sum of the extremes by half 
the number of terms. In the latter multiply the last term by 
the ratio, subtract the first term, divide by ratio minus one or 
vice versa for decreasing series. 

83. The art of measuring surface. Anything having length, 
and breadth, or a face. A square is a surface whose sides are 
equal and whose corners are square. A parallelogram is a plane 
figure whose opposite sides are parallel. A rectangle is the same 
except its angles must all be right angles. A trapezoid has only 
two sides parallel. A pyramid is a figure having one base and 
whose faces terminate in a vertex. A cone is such a figure ex- 
cept its surface is curved uniformly tapering from base*to ver- 



ARITHMETIC. • 47 

tex. A cylinder is a round body of equal diameters and bases. 

84. A circle is a plane figure having a circumference every 
point of which is equally distant from a point within called the 
center. Eadius is half the diameter. The center is the point 
within equally distant from all points in the circimiference. 
The circumference is the distance or boundary line of the cir- 
cle. The diameter is a straight line passing from one point in 
the circumference through the center to another point in the 
circumference. The tangent is a straight line forming the 
outside touching the circumference. A chord is the line form- 
ing the base of an arc or part of the circle. 

85. Multiply the square of the radius by 3.1416. Add the 
sum and multiply by the altitude. See 77 as to right-angled 
triangles. For isosceles triangles multiply the base by half the 
altitude. For other cases add the three sides together. Take 
the half sum^ subtract each side separately, with the half sum 
and the three remainders from a product; extract the square 
root. 

86. Volume has reference to the capacity of cubical vessels, 
while solid contents is the actual cubical units contained in 
solids. No. 

87. That upon which a figure rests; the height perpendicu- 
larly measured; part left after cutting oif the top. 

88. The convex surface is the curved surface or surface not 
including bases, while whole surface includes everything. 

89. Measurements of casks, barrels, etc. Add to the head 
diameter two-thirds of the difference between head and bung 
diameter or where there is much curvature add 6-10 of the dif- 
ference. 

90. It changes with a common difference representing twice 
the distance it fell in the first second. 

91. It is the ratio between the weight of a body and the 
weight of a like volume of some other substance used. as a stand- 
ard. 

92. It may be an hour, a day, or one year; pound or gram; 
a square unit; yard or meter, mile or kilometer; the dollar. 

93. Sir John Napier, a British mathematician. 

94. B\it very little. 



48 ♦ THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

95. Solution means the consecutive order of processes used 
in solving a problem. When given mentally it is analysis; 
when written, it is the operation. 

96. Multiplying a whole number by a fraction, the same as 
finding the percentage of a number. Multiplying a fraction 
by a fraction is the same as finding percentage of perceiiiage or 
much like commercial discount. Division is similar to finding 
the base, when rate and percentage are given. In all the four 
cases of percentage striking resemblances are found to prob- 
lems in fractions. 

97. Square the five, add one to the remaining quantity in 
the multiplier and proceed with the other figures to the left of 
each five. 

98. Add to ten, make a dot, drop the ten, carrying odd 
units. When column is completed count the dots to ascertain 
number to be carried to next column on left. 

99. The largest possible square that can be drawn inside a 
circle. 

100. Circumference is used only in circles, balls and globes, 
while perimeter is the distance measured around all kinds of 
other figures. 

101. In the reduction of fractions the process is generally 
to lowest terms and no tables are required, which is not true of 
compound numbers where also additions are sometimes neces- 
sary as the work proceeds. 

102. 4 T. 1 cwt. 99 lbs. 

103. 220 bu. at ls=220s. 
220 bu. at 4s=880s. 
220 bu. at 6d=110s. 
220 bu. at ld= 18s, 4d. 
220 bu. at 4s 7d=1008s 4d. 

=£50 8s and 4d. 

104. Twelve minutes past 8 a. m. 

105. 173 days, 14 hrs. and 40 mins. 

106. 13.21 and 29 respectively. 

107. Use cancellation, 27. 

108. Multiply numerators together for a new numerator and 



ARITHMETIC. 49 

do the same with denominators because there are no factors for 
cancellation. 1-240. 

109. II, f^, It- Fi^<^ L. C. M. of denominators divide it 
by each denominator, multiplying by numerators in respective 
order. 

110. Add numerators as they have a common denominator. 

14-5=2 4-5. 

111. 9-112 Cancel equal factors in opposite terms anywhere 
and proceed as in 108. 

112. A, 40. B, 60. C, 20. 

113. 40 weeks. 

-Ill 4 3 IT 9 9nn, 1169295 

J-J-'^' (502680 "l^"-l 6 026 80* 

115. 165. 

116. 80 ft. 

117. 35.0000009. 

118. 115. 0168. 

119. 2393157. 

120. .03852+. 

• 121. .565217+, .60869+, .65217+, .69565+, .73913+, 
7826+, .82608+, .86956+, .91304+, .95652+. 

122. $4320. 

123. 28° and 30'. 

124. 441.15; 430.31. 

125. The latter. 

126. $10.66 2-3. 

127. The former. 

128. $1505.28. 

129. 4 horses. 3 oxen, 1 cow, 6 sheep and 4 hogs. 

130. £=$3,613+. 

131. 40%. 

132. 1 A. 89.6 sq. rds. 

133. 4 1 nearly. 

134. (a) DCCCCXCIX or CMXCIX. 

(b) 2,002,002.0002. 

(c) Seven hundred and seven hundred-thousandths. 

(d) Three hundred one and thirty-six forty-firsts. 

135. 53.21. 



50 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

136. 99, 110, 231. 

137. (a) MMCCCXLIX. 

(b) 3044. 

(c) 50,003,009. 

(d) Eight hundred four ten-thousandths. 

(e) Twenty-nine four hundred and firsts. 

138. (a) 19 or 1. 

(b) 30. 

(c) 7 and 6-11. 

139. 77-5625. 

140. 107-660. 

141. $537. 

142. 10. 34 a. m. same day. 

143. 12-3%. 

144. $600. 

145. $47.25. 

146. 33.47 rds. 

147. $26.18. 

148. $37.69. 

149. 283 sq. in. 

150. 39.07 in. 

151. $270.90. 

152. 6125. 

153. 20 ^ thousand. 

154. 28,424. 

155. $2.20. 

156. 8 hrs. 

157. 11 bu. and 20 lbs. 

158. 254 lbs. 

159. $2.36. 

160. 14 min. nearly. 

161. 1 hr. and 28 min. 

162. He makes $1095. 

163. 100 and 180. 

164. $2953.13. 

165. $30,400. 

166. Cotton $3120. Sugar $2700. 



GRAMMAR. 51 

167. $169.25. 

168. 12 7-16 A. nearly. 

169. $540. 

170. $7. 

171. Imagine one of the sides of the room to be turned 
down, as if upon hinges, until it is in the same plane with the 
floor. The side and floor of the room will form a rectangle 80 
feet long and (35-}-25=60) feet wide. The diagonal— V 6400 
-j-V 3600=100 ft. Ans. 

172. This would form a right-angled triangle, the hypoth- 
enuse and height of which would be 100 feet, and the base 80 
feet. 100-"=10000; 80'=6400; 10000—6400=3600; 3600^ 
200=18 feet. Ans. 

173. In 1 hour the sun passes over 15 degrees; 40 minutes 
equals 2-3 hours; 2-3 of 15 degrees equals 10 degrees; 10 degrees 
plus 15 degrees equals 25 degrees: distance between starting 
points; A travels East; B, West. 

174. $1,800 minus $720 equals $1,080; interest for three 
years: let 100 per cent equal principal; since the interest for 
three years at 6 per cent equals $1,080; then the interest for 1 
year at 6 per cent equals $360; and the interest for 1 year at 1 
per cent equals $60; hence 10 per cent equals $6,000, principal; 
$720 divided by $360 equals 2, time of loan. 



GEAMMAE. 

(questions.) 

1. From what is the word language derived? 

2. Mention three meanings of the word. 

3. State three theories of the origin of language. 

4. How many words are in our language? 

5. What part of these are Saxon? Latin? 

6. Why is the English language called our mother tongue ? 

7. Define English grammar. 

8. Name and define all parts of speech, and give example 
of each. 

9. What is a sentence? 



52 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

10. Name and define the different kind of sentences as to 
form, and also as to use. 

11. What is analysis? Synthesis? 

12. What is meant by principal and subordinate clauses? 
What are principal and subordinate elements in a sentence? 

13. What is case? Name and define each. 

14. Name and define kinds of nouns, pronouns. 

15. (a) What is inflection of nouns and pronouns called? 
(b) adjectives and adverbs ? (c) verbs? 

16. What is a relative pronoun? Give example. 

17. What kind of a clause does a relative pronoun always 
introduce ? 

18. Illustrate the difference between prepositions and ad- 
verbs by using the same word as each part of speech. 

19. In the same manner, show the difference between ad- 
jectives and adverbs. 

20. In how many and in what ways may gender be dis- 
tinguished. 

21. Form the plural of the following nouns: survey, loaf, 
goose, mermaid, memorandum, fungus, man-of-war. 

22. Define and illustrate infinitives and participles. 

23. What analogy do you observe in reference to infinitives, 
participles, relative pronouns, and conjunctive adverbs? 

24. Should a word of any kind be inserted between the 
infinitive and its sign? 

25. What different names have the classes of verbs? Ad- 
verbs ? 

26. Name and define the tenses. 

27. What is meant by preterit and pluperfect tenses ? Strong 
and weak verbs? 

28. What is meant by the cognate object? 

29. Explain and illustrate , definitely all the different ways 
in which a noun or pronoun may be in the objective case. 

30. What is the difference in meaning between a question 
of style and a question of grammar? 

31. How can you distinguish between the subjunctive and 
indicative mode? 



GRAMMAR. 53 

32. Name and use correctly in sentences the distributive 
pronominal adjectives. 

33. Explain the use of it in the sentences : It is a fine day ; 
"Come and trip it on the green." 

34. Illustrate the different uses of what explaining the 
meaning in each case. 

35. Name the auxiliaries used in the English language. 

36. Define indicative, subjunctive, potential and imperative 
modes. 

37. What is the difference between, "I write", and "I do 
write"? ^-^If I was" and "If I were"? "I feel bad." "I feel 
badly"? 

38. What is an adverbial phrase? A complex preposition? 
Give example. 

39. What is meant by arrangement of elements? 

40. What is a departure from the Natural order called ? 

41. What are independent elements? 

42. Into what three classes are elements divided? Define 
each. 

43. What is the difference between a logical subject and a 
grammatical subject? 

44. What is a complex element? 

45. What may a complex adjective element be? 

46. How many and what different kinds of phrases accord- 
ing to use? To form? To function? 

47. Classify clauses. 

48. What is ellipsis, and how may it be used advantageously 
in the simple sentence? 

49. What is abridgment? illustrate. 

50. What is enallage? pleonasm? 

51. What is meant by normal, abnormal and idiomatic uses 
of a word? 

52. Define figure of speech, figure of etymology, figure of 
syntax, rhetoric. 

53. Illustrate five figures of etymology. 

54. Define and give an example of simile, metaphor, per- 
sonification, allegory, synedoche, metonomy, hyperbole, climax, 
irony, sarcasm, inneundo, alliteration. 



54 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

55. Define and illustrate different marks of punctuation. 

56. What is prosody? 

57. What is verse? Versification? Khyme? Perfect rhyme? 
Single rhyme? Distich rhyme? 

58. What is a foot in poetry? two feet, three feet, four 
feet, five feet, and six feet? 

59. What is accent, iambus, trochee, spondee, pyrrhic, ana- 
pest, dactyl, amphibrach. 

60. What is the difference between a final and caesural 
pause ? 

61. Distinguish between common meter, short meter, long 
meter as used in church hymns. 

62. What is a sonnet? 

63. What is meant by poetic license? 

64. What is scanning? 

65. What is a diagram? What is its object? 

66. What is the difference between the direct and indirect 
objects ? 

67. What is an expletive, and what two words are used as 
such ? 

68. What is a word of euphony? 

69. What is meant by substantive phrase? Objective com- 
plement ? 

70. What is the connective of a phrase? 
71. What is a separable radical ? 

72. Give the order of parsing a verb. 

73. Define a verbal noun. 

74. Apply gender to the following words: parent, cousin, 
actor, sun, lion, governess, bird, child. 

75. Write the plural of lynx, gas, ignis fatuus, vertex, 
armful, Miss Smith, stratum, genus. 

76. Give the singular of tongs, vespers, literati, scissors. 

77. In the sentence, "John is my enemy; but he is a friend 
of my friend;" does the word "mine'' mean my friend? 

78. What is the difference between antecedent and subse- 
quent ? 

79. Parse as, such and than in the sentences: "Such as I 
have give I unto thee." "We have more than beast could wish." 



GRAMMAR. 55 

80. Analyze and parse: That that that that little fellow 
mentioned is such a trouhlesome that that it might he called a 
mischievous little that. 

81. Define epic poetry. 

82. What is didactic poetry? 
' 83. Define lyric poetry. 

84. What is a charade? 

85. What is an epitaph? elegiac? 

86. What is a madrigal? A hallad? 

87. Is it true that verbs agree with their subjects in person 
and number? 

88. What parts of speech are connectives? 

89. When should the superlative degree of adjectives be 
used ? 

90. Parse words in italics: My hook is new; Johns is old; 
Mine is little used; but yours is soiled. 

91. What is an adjective pronoun? 

92. When should we use who? ivhichf that 9 

93. Compare following adjectives: after, top, round, able, 
good, three, loving, little. 

94. After what verbs is the sign to of the infinitive omit- 
ted? 

95. What is meant by the strengthened copula? Illustrate. 

96. What is meant by the paradigm of a verb? 

97. Analyze and parse: "Methinks it was Clarence." 

98. Diagram nos. 13, 25, 28, 33, Harvey's New Grammar, 
pp. 164-166. 

99. Diagram nos. 22 and 24 p. 169 same book. 

100. Nos. 10 & 12 p. 185 same book. 

101. Nos. 18, p. 197; 27 and 30 and 32 p. 205. 

102. Nos. 55, 59, 61. pp. 235 and 236. 

103. Nos. 16 p. 124; 12 p. 186 Mother Tongue. 

104. No. 216 p. 272 Metcalfs Grammar, 

105. No. 25 p. 272. Same book. 

106. Diagram: — " It is a delightful task to rear the tender 
thought to shoot, to live for those we love and to do the best we 
can under all circumstances, at all times, in all places." 

1 When the mariner has been tossed for many days, in thick 



56 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

2 weather^ and on an unknown sea, he naturally avails himself 

3 of the first pause in the storm, the earliest glance of the sun, 

4 to take his latitude, and ascertain how far the elements have 

5 driven him from his true course. Let us imitate this pru- 

6 dence, and, before we float farther on the waves of this de- 

7 bate, refer to the point from which we departed, that we may 

8 at least be able to conjecture where we now are. — Daniel 

9 Webster's reply to Hayne. 

The next eight questions refer to the above selection: 

107. Classify the following clauses according to note 1: (a) 
He avails (line 2) ; (b) Elements have driven (line 4-5) ; (c) 
Let us imitate (line 5) ; (d) We departed (line 7) ; (e) We are 
(line 8). 

108. Give three modifiers of (a) lias been tossed (line 1) ; 
(b) three modifiers of refer (line 7). 

109. Select three infinitives, and give the syntax of each. 

110. Give the mode and tense of each of the following verbs: 
(a) has been tossed (line 1) ; (b) let (line 5) ; (c) refer (line 
7); (d) departed (line 7); (e) may he (line 7-8). 

111. Select (a) two adjective phrases: (b) three adverbial 
phrases. 

112. Parse (a) when (line 1); (b) of (line 3). 

113. Give the syntax of (a) glance (line 3) ; (b) him (line 
5); (c) which (line 7). 

114. Select an adverb in (a) the positive degree; (b) the 
comparative degree. Select an adjective in (c) the positive 
degree; (d) the superlative degree. 

115. Write a sentence containing a participle used as (a) a 
noun; (b) an adjective. 

116. Name three conjunctions which are used to connect 
clauses of equal rank. Give an example of the use of one of 
them. 



GRAMM AE — (answers. ) 

1. The word language is derived from the Latin lingua, 
meaning tongue. It therefore primarily means expressions of 
thought by the tongue. 



GRAMMAR. 57 

2. Language proper, however, is thought communicated 
by (1) gestures, (2) signals and signs and (3) articulate 
speech. 

3. (1) Divine revelation; (2) Human origin; (3) Both 
human and divine. 

4. More than 100,000, 3'et best speakers and writers use only 
four or five thousand. 

5. About 60% Saxon, 30% Latin and Norman — French 
(which is from a Latin basis). 10% would include all other 
foreign languages. 

6. Because it is the language of our forefathers and the 
language taught children by the mother. 

7. It teaches us how to speak and write the English lan- 
guage correctly. 

8. A noun is a name. A pronoun stands for a noun. 
A verb is a word expressing action, being or state. 
An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. 

A participle is a word derived from a verb taking prop- 
erties of the adjective or noun. 

An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, participle or other 
adverb. 

A preposition is a word used to show relation between 
words. 

A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases 
and clauses. 

An interjection is a word used to denote some sudden 
or strong emotion. 

9. A group of words making complete sense. 

10. (a) Simple Sentences express single thoughts; A Com- 
plex Sentence is one some element of which contains a subject 
and predicate; A Compound Sentence contains two or more 
simple or complex sentences connected by co-ordinate conjunc- 
tions. 

(b) A Declarative Sentence makes a statement. 

An Imperative Sentence expresses a command, exhorta- 
tion or entreaty. 

An Interrogative Sentence asks a question. 

An Exclamatory Sentence expresses emotion. 



58 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

11. Analysis is the separation of a sentence into its elements. 
Synthesis is the art of constructing or building sen- 
tences. 

12. Principal clauses are main clauses — those which make 
complete sense when standing alone. Subordinate clauses are 
those modifying or depending upon some element of the prin- 
cipal clause. The principal elements of a sentence are subject 
and predicate because of their importance ; subordinate elements, 
modifiers of these as objective, adjective, and adverbial elements. 

13 Case is the relation of a noun or pronoun to other words. 

(1) The use of a noun or pronoun independently is 
said to be in the nominative-absolute case. 

(2) A noun or pronoun used as the subject or predicate 
is in the nominative case. 

(3) A noun or pronoun used to limit another, denoting 
a different person or thing is in the possessive case. 

(4) A noun or pronoun used as the object of a verb, 
participle, or preposition or without a special gov- 
erning word is in the objective case. 

14. (a) Common, denoting class or kind of objects. Proper, 
name of a particular person, place people or thing, 
(b) Personal, those which show by their form whether 
they are first, second or thir^ person. Interroga- 
tive, those used in asking questions. Eelative, used 
to represent a preceding word, phrase or clause to 
which it joins a modifying clause. 
15 (a) Declension, (b) Comparison, (c) Conjugation. 
IG. It represents a preceding word, phrase or clause called 
its antecedent to Avhich it joins a limiting clause. 
He is the man ivJiom you saw. 
This is the child that was lost. 

17. An adjective clause. 

18. I saw John the day before, (adv.) 
He ran before me. (prep.) 

Mr. Jones is iti town, (prep.) 
Come in. (adv.) 

19. That is the right plan, (adj.) 
He does not play right, (adv.) 



GRAMMAR. 59 

You speak too low. 
His voice is low. 
20 Three ways. Use of different words, different termina- 
tions and prefixes or suffixes. 

21. Surveys, loaves, geese, mermaids, memoranda, fungi, 
men-of-war. 

22. An infinitive is a verb form (with to expressed or un- 

derstood) that is free from the limitations of person 
and number. 
See ^0. 8. To see the boy playing is pleasant. The 
man finding his book went on board the steamer. 

23. They each perform a double purpose in the sentence. 

24. No. 

25. (a) Regular and irregular; strong and weak. 
Transitive, intransitive and copulative. 

(1)) Time, place, cause, manner and degree and modal 
adverbs. 

26. The present tense denotes present time. 
The past tense denotes past time. 

The future tense denotes future time. 

The present perfect denotes an action past but con- 
nected with present time. 

The past perfect tense denotes an act ended or com- 
pleted before a certain past time. 

The future perfect tense denotes an action finished be- 
fore a certain future time as represented by the 
principal verb. 

27. Present perfect, and past perfect, respectively. Irregu- 
lar and regular verbs. 

28. Sometimes an intransitive verb takes an object after it 
whose meaning closely resembles that of the verb. 

29. (1) As the object of a verb. (2) object of a participle. 
(3) object of an infinitive. (4) subject of an infinitive in an 
objective clause. (5) ol)ject of a preposition. (6) by appo- 
sition. (7) used adverbially. 

30. Language properly used is grarmnatical but it must be, 
also, clear, forcible and in good taste to constitute style. 



60 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

31. By the meaning or noticing that the subjunctive requires 
a plural verb with a singular subject. 

32. Each of us should go. Every soldier carried a gun. I 
do not like either one of them. I will go neither wa}''. 

33. In the first sentence it is in the nominative without 
referring to any antecedent. In the latter, in the objective 
case for euphony alone. 

34. (1) Eelative pronoun, "Tell me what to do." 
(2) Interrogative, "What is his name?" 

(3) Adjective, ''What boat is that?" 

(4) Adverb, ''What with mutton chops, what with 
steak, we managed 'to secure enough meats for sup- 
per." 

(5) Interjection, "What! does he seem a monster." 

35. Do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, must. 

36. The indicative mode is the most commonly used; the 
subjunctive expresses doubt, wish, hope, supposition or future 
contingency; the potential, duty, necessity; imperative, power, 
liberty, liability, exhortation, permission. 

37. "I write" is the ordinary form of the verb. 

"I do write" is the emphatic form of the verb. 

"If I was," verb in indicative mode. 

"If I were", verb in subjunctive mode. 

"I feel bad", bad is a predicate adjective. 

"I feel badly", badly is an adverb modifying feel. 

38. It may be an infinitive or a preposition and its subject 
modifying an adverb, adjective, participle or adverb. Two or 
more prepositions used to show one and the same relation. We 
live to he useful. They live in a fiat. Come from behind the 
door. 

39. The correct placing of the parts of a sentence. 

40. Inverted order. 

41. Elements not forming a part of either principal or sub- 
ordinate propositions, Ijut used parenthetically. 

42. Words, modifiers consisting of one word each. 
Phrases, (See 38) may however modify a noun or other parts 

of speech. 



GRAMMAR. 61 

Clauses, elements which of themselves contain a subject and 
predicate. 

43. The grammatical subject is the simple subject or subject 
without modifiers and the logical subject includes all modifiers. 

44. An element — one of whose parts contains a clause ; or an 
element containing a leading element called the basis. 

45. (1) An adjective limited by an adverb. 

(2) A participle with all the modifiers of a verb. 

(3) A noun or pronoun with modifiers. 

(4) A phrase with modifiers. 

(5) A clause some part of which is modified by another 
clause. 

46. (a) Subject, predicate, adverbial, absolute or independ- 
ent. 

(b) Prepositional, infinitive, participial. 

(c) Agenc}^, limit of motion, place, instrument or means 
of accompaniment. 

47. Subject, predicate, adjective, objective and adverbial, 
according to use. As to function: Of time, place, manner, de- 
gree, cause, purpose, result, condition, concession. 

48. It is the omission of a word or words in a sentence. In 
the contraction of sentences where the meaning is ambiguous. 

49. It is the substitution of an equivalent expression for an 
entire proposition : As "I believe him to be an honest man." "I 
believe he is honest." 

50. Enallage is the use of one part of speech or form for an- 
other '-We" for I, etc. Pleonasm is a redundancy of words. 

51. Normal use is the movst common or ordinary use of a 
word. The abnormal use is a peculiar use, such as an adjective 
for an al)verb and so forth. The idiomatic use is the polite or 
elegant use which by custom becomes apposite. 

52. Any departure from regular form and includes (1) fig- 
ures of etymology, (2) syntax, (3) and rhetoric which are de- 
partures from usual form of a word, usual conMruction of words, 
and literal sense of meaning, in respective order. 

53. Apheresis — 'gainst for against. 
Prosthesis — beloved for loved. 
Syncope — o'er for over. 



62 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Tmesis — How high soever for Howsoever high. 
Syneresis — Can't for cannot. 

54. First six are answered in Eeading. 

Hyperbole is an exaggeration of meaning as, "He slew 
thousands in the fight." Climax is a rise, step by step in import- 
ance. 

As, "He is a vagrant, an idler, a liar, a wretch." 

Irony is speaking by contraries as, "You are a nice fel- 
low." 

Sarcasm is reproachful or scornful expression as, "I 
would weep if I were you." 

Innuendo is a covert suggestion of an implied expression 
as, "He is my friend because he advertises my accomplishments." 

Alliteration is the use of words beginning with the came 
letter. 

"The traveling toper traveled towards the turnpike." 

55. Comma (,) denotes slightest degree of separation. 
Semicolon (;) a greater separation. Colon ( :) is used 

before explanatory remarks or enumeration of particulars. The 
period (.) is the greatest degree of separation. Interrogation 
(?) after questions. Exclamation point is used after emotional 
expressions. Dash ( — ) indicates a sudden break, pausc-i or 
change in meaning. Curves ( ), Brackets [ ] and Braces -! r 
are used for parenthetical expressions. 

56. It treats of quantity, of syllables, accents and versifica- 
tion. 

57. Verse is a line consisting of a certain number of accented 
and unaccented syllables. Versification is the art of metrical 
composition. Ehyme is a correspondence of sounds in last 
syllables of two or more lines. An accented syllable standing 
alone. Two lines rhyming together is a distich. 

58. Accent in a portion of a line according to rhythmical 
form; monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, 
hexameter. 

59. Stress of voice on certain syllable of a foot. 

An unaccented followed by an accented syllable. An ac- 
cented followed by an unaccented syllable. Two accented sylla- 



One accented syllable followed by two unaccented syl- 
One unaccented syllable followed by two accented syl- 



GRAMMAE. 63 

bles together in a foot. Two unaccented syllables together in a 
foot. 

Two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syl- 
lable. 

lables. 

lables. 

60. A long or accented syllable used as one foot requires 
a pause and in the Caesura, it may come in the middle of a line 
or anywhere, whereas a final pause never occurs before the end 
of a line. 

61. Common consists of four iambic lines, first and third 
tetrameter, other two trimeter; Short, consists of same lines 
except the third is tetrameter and other trimeter; Long meter 
is four lines each of which are iambic lines. 

62. A poem of fourteen iambic lines. 

63. The use of one part of speech for another; ancient or 
obsolete Avords, and the like to harmonize the rhyme. 

64. It is the analysis of metrical composition. 

65. A picture of a sentence. To more clearly illustrate the 
analysis of the thought. 

66. The direct object is the principal or main object, while 
the indirect object is that to or for which anything is done. 

67. A word that adds nothing to the sense. It and thei'e. 

68. One having an agreeable sound to the ear. 

69. One used as subject or predicate of a sentence or like a 
noun. 

Words used to complete the object, making it a phrase 
or clause. 

70. Usually a preposition, though a participle or a sign to 
of the infinitive may be so considered. 

71. One, each word of which may be parsed separately. 

72. (1) Name the verb. (2) Eegular or irregular. (3) 
Give its parts. (4) Transitive, intransitive, or copulative. (5) 
Voice. (6) Mode. (7) Tense. (8) Inflect tense. (9) per- 
son or number. (10) Construction. 

73. A word derived from a verb used as a noun. 



64 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER, 

74. Parent and cousin, bird and child, common gender; 
actor, sun, lion, masculine gender; governess is feminine gen- 
der. 

75. Lynxes, gases, ignis-fatui, vertices, armfuls. Misses 
Smith or Miss Smiths, strata, genii. 

76. Literatum, others have no singular. 

77. It does not. 

78. The antecedent is the representative of personal and 
relative pronouns and usually precedes them, whereas the subse- 
quent is that for which an interrogative pronoun stands and it 
usually follows it. 

79. Such is an adjective used as a noun, common, neuter 
gender, third person, plural number, objective case, object of 
transitive verb give. As a relative pronoun, its antecedent is 
such objective case, object of have. Than is a relative pronoun, 
antecedent more, meaning more things, neuter gender, third 
person, plural number, objective case, object of could wish. Some 
authors would prefer making it a subordinate conjunction con- 
necting the clause to more. This would make could wish in- 
transitive. 

80. It is a complex declarative sentence. Principal proposi- 
tion is That that is such a troublesome that. Subordinate 
clauses are That that little fellow mentioned and "that, etc." the 
other one. 

• That is the subject is the copula, that, the predicate. 

The subject is modified by that an adjective element, and 
by the adjective clause previously mentioned. The predicate is 
limited by such a and troublesome both adjective elements and 
by the rest of the sentence an adjective clause. 

In the first clause fellow is the subject, limited by that and 
little adjective elements, mentioned, the predicate is limited by 
that an objective element. 

In second clause that an introductory conjunction introduces 
subordinate clause, it is the subject, might he called, predicate 
modified by that an adjective element, and that a, mischievous 
and little, adjective elements. 

As they come in the sentence : 1. is an adjective belonging to 



GRAMMAR. 65 

that; 2. is a noun common, neuter gender, third person, singu- 
lar number, nominative case, used as subject of is; 4. is an 
adjective limiting fellow; 3. is a relative pronoun, objective 
after mentioned; 5. is a predicate noun; 6. a subordinate con- 
junction; 7. a noun in the objective after called. 

81. Poetry whose sentiment conforms to some hero. 

82. Poetry intended for instruction. 

83. Musical poetry such as teach love of country or sexual 
love. 

84. A kind of riddle in which each syllable, as well as the 
entire word, expresses an enigma. 

85. Inscription for a monument or closing of an elegy in 
verse. An elegiac is a lengthy poem commemorative of a fun- 
eral. 

86. An elaborate song in parts. A simple popular song. 

87. Practically they do but, theoretically, they sometimes do 
not. 

88. Relative pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, conjunc- 
tive adverbs, participles, infinitives and nouns in apposition. 

89. When three or more things only are compared. 

90. Book is a common noun, neuter gender, third person, 
singular number, 'Nom. case, subject of is, Jo/m'5=John's book. 
Proper noun, masculine gender, third person, singular number, 
possessive case, possessing hooh understood. Mine=iny book, 
my is a personal pronoun, antecedent person speaking, gender 
indeterminate, first person, singular, possessive, possessing book. 
Yours=your book. Same except, second person. Soiled is a 
predicate adjective limiting book. 

91. An adjective used for a noun as, "These are nice 
peaches.^' 

92. To represent persons; things and both persons and 
things, respectively. 

93. Good, better, best; loving, more loving, most loving; 
little, less, least; able, more able, most able. Others do not ad- 
mit of comparison. 

94. Bid, dare, feel, hear, help, let, make, need, see, and rarely 
others. 

95. When the copula is followed by infinitive of the vero 



6Q 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



to he or some other copulative verb, the entire expression is so 
termed. "The boys seem to appear anxious for work.^' 

96. Its synopsis. 

97. Mehtinks is a unipersbnal verb,="I think," hence the 
sentence is complex, declarative. In the principal proposition, 
I is the subject; think is the predicate, modified by the objective 
clause "It was Clarence" of which it is subject, was, the copula 
and Clarence, the predicate. 

98. I I mustbe-cruel 

I to be-kind 



only 



H 


e 1 thinks 




who I thinks 



that 



which I was (nor) is (nor) shall be 



I ne'er 



e er 



to see 



piece 



faultless 



sight ! 



Portentous 



owlet 


Drops (and) holds 


and cries | 


the 


• 


lids 


f 
in- 


/ "it is 




them lout Where?" 




Atheism blue fringe 


d 

y 

1 at-sun 
[)rious 
the 


close 




h] 
sailing and hooting 








on -wing 8 






obscure gh 
athwart-noon 


leaven 




Forth the 
from-place 






hiding 





dark and lonely 
his 



GRAMMAR. 



67 



ages 


hiive 




These 


but 


memory 




no 



they 



left 



record 



ribs 



mo ini tains 



of stone 



were hewn 



linto-citv 



a 



and 



breath 



of air 



has flown 



never 



nor 



foot 



|of-mt 



man 



dares 



to tread 



in-desert 



the 



columns 



strown 



on -sands 



(and) waste 

statues 



the 



(and) 



fallen and cleft 



heaped 



ways 
long and perilousl 
the 



like-host 



overthrown 



rums 



in-battle 



(and) 
streets 



that I spread 



in-earth 
dark 
the 



(and) 



Cities 
:Thr"|""of-Dead 



the 



where 



68 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



99. 
It 



was — Sabbath day 



now 



the 



and 
congregation ! had met 



small 






for-service 


a 


of-souls 


divine 




in-place 


hundred 
about 




a 


mor 


a 




i 



more-magnificent 



than 



hands 1 Ic 




that 


temple | 


is-magnificent 


lad built 


any 






human 


ever 






to-Diety 















night I behaved | was-matter? 
the"! how I What 



wind I raved | was-matter? 



north 
the 



how 



What 



100. 
I I am I at liberty 



to confess 



that 
I much I was founded 



I have heard 


which 




well 














objected to 


:ings 




in-wrii 


friend's 




late 
my 





GRAMMAR. 



69 



How 

essays | will read | is-question 



his 



for-publishers 



the 



who 1 have ventured 



to draw 



they I are brought 



now I I together 



lout I weaved up follies 

hisl 
into-piece — ' 



one 



101. 



(^toast isy) 
a 1 here 1 


to-boyhood, (and to) gold and (to)-gray! 


Then 


our its its 



and 



ftoast 



is ) 



and 



Father 
Dear I 



(thou) 



take 



here (to)-stars (and) (to)-dews 



we I have done 
|when 

with-toys 
life-lasting | 



our 



The 



the 1 I of May! 
of- winter, 



its 



its 



care 



of-children 



thvl 



:Boys! 
the I 



70 




THE WEST ^ 


102. 


Pistol 


(I 1 want) 




now 1 


quips 


for 


no 




I 1 am 


-in -waist 




1 indeed the 


that 1 lies 





two 



Here 



which I was-Mathew Prior 



once 



Bonrhon or Nassau | Can claim 



(birth) 



higher 



I I can tell 



not 



that 



but 



had to be 



not I 
"lief 



as I 



for-self 



single 



my 



You and men | think 



other 



which 



of-life 



this 



I ! would live 



as 



to be 



m-awe 



|of - thing 



such a 



as 



myself 



GRAMMAR. 



71 



103. 

wreck | lay 



the 



there 



In-midst and by-group 



of-vessel 



of-rocks 



called 



Hen and chickens 



the 



which I had been entangled and stranded 



I in-whirlpool during-storm 

the I a 



seaman 



The 



spied 



but 



rock 


^th 


a 
within-len| 


cables 






of - ship 


half i 


I 


the 



wind 



was-s trong 



the 



so 



that 



we I were driven and (were) split 



upon - it immediately 

directly 



72 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



104. 

thou I go 



If 



to - woods and hills 



thou I art worn and beset 



hard 



If 



with - sorrows 



thou I wouldst forget 



that 



thou I wouldst read 



lesson 



that I will keepi 



heart and soul 



thy thy 



from-fainting 



and 

I 

from-sleep 



105. 



Thou I keepest 



Judgment 



alone 



for-( ) 



Thine own 



GRAMMAR. 



73 



to pity 



What 



to blame 



What 



temptation ! 


came 


fierce 


1 


How 


the 





honor 



is-What 



y ^ 



shame j is-What 



is Known 



unto-thee 



Onlv 



106. 



to rear 



thought 



is-task 



tender 



the 



delightful 
a 



to shoot 



to live 



for-those 



we I love 



(whem) 



and 



j to do 






best 




1 t^ 


le 






' we 1 can 


Ct^o) r which ^ 






1 ' 
under-circumstan 


ces 






all 





and 



and 



at-times 
all 



in-places 



74 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

107. (a) Principal; (b) objective; (c) principal; (d) 
adjective; (e) objective. 

108. (a) The adverbial phrases "for days/' "in weather," 
"on sea"; (b) the adverbial phrase "to point" and the adverb- 
ial clauses "we float" and "we may be able." 

109. "To conjecture" is used as an adverb to modify the ad- 
jective "able" "To imitate" and "to refer" are used as adjectives 
to complete the verb "let" and modify the pronoun "us." 

110. Verb. Mode. Tense. 
has been tossed, indicative, present perfect, 

let, imperative, present, ■ 

refer, infinitive, present, 

departed, indicative, past, 

may be, potential, present, 

111. (a) "In storm," "of sun"; (b) "on waves," "to 
point," "from which." 

112. "When" is a conjunctive adverb denoting time, used 
to connect the clauses "he avails" and "mariner has been tossed." 
Subordinate connectives are used to connect dissimilar elements ; 
(b) "of" is a preposition showing relation between its object, 
"pause," and the word "avails," which the phrase modifies. 

113. (a) Objective case, object of the preposition "of"; 
(b) objective case, object of the transitive verb "have driv- 
en"; (c) objective case, object of the preposition "from." 

114. (a) "Far"; (b) farther; (c) "many"; (d) "earli- 
est." 

115. Eunning is a physical exercise. The running brook 
winds merrily along. 

116. And, but, or, "Choose your course, pursue it grandly, 
A?id achieve what you pursue." 

Irish's system of diagramming is used. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 75 

PHYSIOLOGY. (Questions.) 



1. Define anatomy, physiology, hygiene. 



o 



How many bones in the body? 

3. What is osmosis? 

4. Name and illustrate the different kinds of joints. 

5. What is the proportion of animal and mineral matter 
in the bones? 

6. Of what use are the bones? 

7. State effects of alcohol on bone growth. 

8. (a) Classify muscles; (b) Name and locate ten impor- 
tant muscles; (c) About how many muscles in the body? 

9. (a) How are muscles arranged? (b) Of what com- 
posed ? 

10. Give illustrations of muscles as levers of the first, sec- 
and third classes, respectively. 

11. What is a tendon? a chord? 

12. What is digestion? 

13. Trace a mouthful of food through all the different 
processes, naming the organs and secretions acting upon the 
same in consecutive order. 

14. How does alcohol effect digestion? tobacco? opium? 

15. Of what is the blood composed? 

16. Trace the circulation. 

17. Locate the heart. 

18. What is daistole? systole? 

19. How do pulsations compare with respirations? 

20. What is coagulation? Of what value is it? 

21. What is bronchitis? tonsilitis? tuberculosis? 

22. Name and define the acts of respiration. 

23. Name the organs of respiration. 

24. What is the organ of respiration? 

25. What is pleurisy? paralysis? 

26. How many and what sets of teeth have we? 

27. Name the parts of a tooth. 

28. Name the kinds of teeth. 

29. What does the formation of the teeth indicate as to 
diet? 



76 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

30. How should we care for the teeth? 

31. What is absorption? assimilation? oxizidation? 

32. State best location for a home. 

33. Name the layers of skin. 

34. Give the organs situated in the skin. 

35. When is a wound likely to leave a scar? 

36. What is eczema? tetter? 

37. What is the effect of alcohol on the skin ? 

38. What is the liver and what are its functions? 

39. What are the organs of the nervous system? 

40. Of what does the sympathetic system consist? 

41. Describe the brain. 

42. Define spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata. 

43. How does the size of the brain in man compare with 
other animals? 

44. Name five prominent men who have had large brains. 

45. Give effects of impure air. 

46. What are the organs of special sense? 

47. State the physiology of sight, hearing and smell. 

48. What senses enable us to determine the shape of a 
cylindrical object? 

49. Why do lines recede as distance from us increases? 

50. What are the parts of the ear? 

51. Name the parts of the eye. 

52. What causes laughter? 

53. Why do we cry or weep? 

54. What is strange about Helen Keller? 

55. What is the cause of myopia? the opposite of myopia? 
Give a remedy for each. 

56. How are the corpuscles supposed to be produced? 

57. What are organic bodies? inorganic bodies? j 

58. What is a system? an organ? 

59. What is ossification? Endosmosis? 

60. What is the Sylvester treatment and for what is it 
used ? 

61. Define periosteum, pericardium. 

62. Define and locate thoracic duct. 

63. What are lacteals? lymphatics? 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



77 



64. Name some non-alcoholic remedies for snake bite. 

65. What is the difference between fermented and distilled 
beverages ? 

66. What is chlorate? tannin? nicotine? acid? 

67. Name ten laws of health. 

68. Give symptoms of rheumatism. 

69. What effect has smoking on the lungs? 

70. What three natural causes effect health? 

71. (a) Give the location of the atlas, (b) State its func- 
tion. 

72. Describe as to structure and function; (a) the gray mat- 
ter of the brain; (b) the white matter. 

73. (a) What is the active principle of tobacco called? 
(b) What is its effect on the muscles? 



PHYSIOLOGY (Answers.) 



1. Anatomy relates to the construction of the body; physi- 
ology treats of the functions of the different organs; and hy- 
giene relates to the laws of health. 

2. 200, besides the ear bones. 











1. 


Parietal 
Occipital 




1. 


In the skull 


< 


2. 
I. 
1. 
1. 


Temporal 
Frontal 
Ethmoid 
Sphenoid 


1. Bones of 








r ^^• 


Nasal 


the head 








2. 


Lachrymal 


(22) 








2. 


Malar 


\ / 


2. 


In the face 




2. 

i- 
2. 

2. 
1. 


Superior Maxilla 

Inferior 

Palatal 

Turbinated 

Vomer 



78 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



2 Bones of the Trunk. (5-i) i 



f 24. 

1. 

24. 

1. 



Vertebrae 

Sacrum 

Coccyx 

Ribs 

Sternum 



1 . Hyoid 



3. Upper Extremeties. (64) 



< 



4. Lower Extremities. (62) 



2. 

2. 

)h. 

2. 

2. 
16. 
10. 
28. 

2. 
2. 
2. 

2. 

2. 
14. 
10. 

28. 



Scapula 

Clavicle 

Humerus 

Ulna 

Radius 

Carpal 

Metacarpal 

Phalanges 

Innominata 

Femur 

Tibia 

Fibula 

Patella 

Tarsal 

Metatarsal 

Phalanges 



3. The tendency in fluids to mix or become equally dif- 
fused when in contact. 

4. (a) Hinge-joint as jaw or elbow; (b) Ball and socket 
joint as thigh or shoulder; (c) Compound joint as wrist or 
neck; (d) Suture, as in skull. 

5. 67% Animal and 33% Mineral matter. In later life 
the proportion is reversed. 

6. They serve as a support for the soft parts, afford sur- 
face for attachments of muscles, protect the delicate organs, 
and give a general outline to the body. 

7. It effects digestion which should not be impaired in 
order that the constituents of bones be abstracted from- the 
food. It also acts upon the circulation of the blood which 
should not be retarded to the disadvantage of the bone growth. 

8. (a) Voluntary and involuntary. 

(b) Sartorius bends leg upon thigh; Rectus femoris ex- 
tends muscles of thigh; Tibalis anticus bends foot 
upon thigh; Bicep herds fore-arm; Triceps extends 



PHYSIOLOGY. 79 

fore-arm; Deltoid raises .arm; Pectoralis major 
draws arm to side; Serratus magnus, ribs in inspir- 
ation; Diaphragm located in lower part of chest; 
Tendon Achilles located in heel. 

(c) There are more than 500 principal muscles, to say 
nothing of hundreds of very small ones. 

9. In pairs. The lean meat of the body consisting of fibers 
and cells. 

10. The skull as it nods; standing on tip-toe; bending the 
fore-arm. 

11. The white fibrous chord which attaches muscles to 
bone. The slender tough portion of a muscle found at an ex- 
tremity. 

12. It is that series of processes by which food is prepared 
for appropriation by the tissues and structures of the body, or 
conversion into blood. 

13. (1) In mastication, the teeth aided by the tongue, 
cheeks, palate and buccal glands. (2) Insalivation or action 
of salivary glands in the mouth. (3) Deglutition or swallow- 
ing where the food is pressed back by the tongue into the 
pharynx. From here the constrictors drive the bolus of food 
to the aesophagus and by action of involuntary muscles it 
reaches the stomach through the cradiac orifice. (4) Chymni- 
fication or stomach digestion. Gastric juice acts while food is 
churned. It leaves for the duodenum by the pylorus. (5) 
Chylification or intestinal digestion. Here we have also the 
jejunum and ileum intestines and action of intestinal glands, 
pancreatic juice and bile. (6) Absorption of chyle. The worm- 
like motion of the muscular fibers cause the villi to absorb the 
chyle and conducting this through the lacteals into the thoracic 
duct where it is emptied into the right side of the heart. Other 
undigestible portions escape through the caecum, colon and 
rectum of the large intestines. 

14. It irritates the stomach, takes moisture from tissues, 
injures and destroys glands, thickens and toughens mucuous 
linings, paralyzes nerves rendering stomach action less vigor- 
ous. Tobacco overtaxes the work of the glands thereby exhaust- 



80 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

ing secretions. Opium effects the flow of juices and brings on 
constii^ation. . 

15. Plasma and corpuscles of which the former is composed 
of serum, albumen and fibrin; the latter, white and red cor- 
puscles. 

16. Minute veins in all parts of the body collect the im- 
pure blood and through the Superior and Inferior Vena cavae 
culminate in the right auricle of the heart. Through the tri- 
cuspid valves it enters the right ventricle — from here through 
the pulmonary artery into the lungs, distributed through the 
air cells and, purified, it is conveyed back by the pulmonic vein 
into the left auricle, through the left ventricle via mitral valves 
— through aortic valves into the aorta where it is distributed 
throughout the system by means of the capillaries. There is a 
special circulation in the liver called the* portal circulation. 

17. In the chest a little to the left, base upward, on a line 
with space between the fifth and sixth ribs. 

18. The dilation or pause between movements of auricles 
and ventricles. The contraction of the heart. 

19. About four of the former to one of the latter. 

20. The clot of blood formed by evaporation of the serum, 
etc. It frequently prevents patients from bleeding to death. 

21. (a) Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, "cold" af- 
fecting the lungs, (b) Inflammation of tonsils, "quinsy" (c) 
Collections of morbid matter (tubercles) especially in lungs, 
producing pulmonary consumption. 

22. Inspiration or breathing in of air caused by contrac- 
tion of diaphragm, intercostal muscles raising ribs which pu:?ii 
out the sternum enlarging the chest all around. 

Expiration caused by the relaxing of the diaphragm, inter- 
costal muscles pulling ribs down also causes the breast bone to 
fall back diminishing the cavity, driving out the air. 

23. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, air passages and cer- 
tain muscles. \ 

24. The diaphragm. 

25. (a) Inflammation of the sack or pleura lining the chest 
and covering the lungs, (b) Loss of function, especially mo- 
tion or feeling. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 81 

26. Two. Temporary and permanent. 

27. Pulp or cavity; dentine or ivory; enamel or covering; 
cement or covering of root; root; crown. 

28. 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 bicuspids, 8 molars, 4 wisdom. 

29. They indicate a mixed diet, yet experience has proven 
that vegetable diets are healthful. 

30. Cleanse them night and morning with a soft brush and 
warm water. Guard against injury to the enamel. Do not use 
tooth powders. Consult best dentists. 

31. (a) The process of taking up nutritive or waste mat- 
ters by the blood vessels or lymphatics, (b) Conversion of 
food into living tissues, (c) It is the consuming of oxygen 
and the giving oif of carbonic acid gas, evolving heat or burn- 
ing. 

32. Positions near the top of a slope having a natural 
drainage. Be sure it is on the "sunny side.'' 

33. Dermis and epidermis, cutis and cuticle. 

34. Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, muscles, hairs, oil 
glands, sweat glands, fat cells. 

35. When it penetrates the dermis or true skin. 

36. (a) Inflammatory disease of the skin producing itch- 
ing causing water to exude, (b) Tetter, same as eczema or 
salt rheum. 

37. Alcohol deadens sense of touch by paralyzing nerve ex- 
tremities in the skin, reduces the temperature, produces rough- 
ness, overfills capillaries giving the blotched face and nose of 
heavy drinkers. 

38. It is a solid, reddish-brown organ situated under the 
diaphragm to the right side and weighs about four pounds. 

It forms glycogen and gives it out, works over proteids, pro- 
duces hile, and forms urea. 

39-40. The brain, spinal cord and nerves form the Cerebro — 
spinal system. Ganglia, connecting tissue, fibers, and nerves 
make up the sympathetic system. 

41. The brain is the organ of the mind, the seat of intel- 
lect, etc., and it is composed of three masses; cerebrum or large 
brain in front; cerebellum or lesser brain at base of skull; 



82 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

medulla or upper part of spinal cord. It has three coverings: 
pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid. 

42. (a) The marrow or soft tissue extending from base of 
skull to region of loins, (b) The bridge connecting cerebellum 
and medulla, (c) See 41. 

43. The human brain is larger than that of all other ani- 
mals except the elephant and whale. It is larger in proportion 
to weight in these cases and much finer organized. 

44. Turgeneff, Agassiz, Cuvier, Robert Burns, Daniel Web- 
ster. (Answers may differ.). 

45. Impure *air produces impure blood thereby injuring 
the nervous system affecting the general health. 

46. Tongue, olfactory lobes, nasal passages, ear, larynx, eye- 
balls, optic nerves, end nerves, muscles, etc., etc. 

47. (a) The rays of light from a given object are focused 
on the retina, the iris regulating the amount of light; The 
crystalline lens gives the ra3^s exactness of proportion; the dark 
coats of the eye absorb excesses; and the result is an exact in- 
verted image on the retina. This is carried to the brain by the 
optic nerve, (b) Vibrations of air enter the outer ear strik- 
ing membrane of the drum which then vibrates causing the 
head of the hammer bone to strike upon the anvil pushing the 
stirrup bone in and out of the oval window in the inner ear. 
The watery fluid washes tiny grains of sand against the mem- 
branous bag striking the auditory nerve which carries impres- 
sion to the brain, (c) Odorous particles are wafted to the 
nerves of smell producing impressions which are taken cogni- 
zance of by the olfactory nerve. 

48. Sight and touch. 

49. The contraction of the pupil of the eye to accommodate 
itself to distances makes objects appear smaller, and in order 
to decrease size lines must recede. 

50. Auricle or external ear, and auditory canal; tympanum 
or middle ear and Eustachian tube, the thin bones and mastoid 
cells; labyrinth or inner ear with its vestibule;^ cochlea and 
canals. 

51. The three coats are: sclerotic (white), choroid 
(dark), retina; Cornea, next is the front chamber, then the 



PHYSIOLOGY. 83 

iris which has an opening, the pupil. Behind the iris is the 
crystalline lens. Then the aqueous and vitreous humors. Ap- 
pendages are: eyelashes, eyebrows, lachrymal glands, muscles, 
etc. 

52. A movement (usually involuntary) of certain facial 
muscles attended by sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air 
from the lungs. 

53. A sorrowful excitement or surprise effecting certain 
muscles causing an overfloAv from the lachrymal glands of the 
eye. 

54. That having been deaf and dumb she has by constant 
practice become enabled to detect speech by moving her fingers 
over the lips of the speaker. Consult an Encyclopedia. 

55. Axis of eyeball is too long; too short. As rays of light 
are focused before they reach the retina in the former case 
concave glasses should be worn. In the latter case convex 
glasses. 

50. Tlie red corpuscles from the red marrow of the bones 
and the white, from the white marrow by action of the spleen. 

57. (a) Bodies that live and grow, (b) Bodies that do 
not have life. 

58. ('a) A number of organs similar in structure extend- 
ing throughout the body, (b) A special part of the body 
which performs a special work. 

59. (a) The process of bone formation. (b) Transmis- 
sion of a fluid or gas from without inward. 

60. It is a method of producing artificial respiration in 
cases of asphyxia from drowning or breathing illuminating 
gas, etc. 

61. (a) Covering of the bone; (b) Covering of the heart. 

62. The great trunk of the lymphatic vessels on the ventral 
side of the vertebral column in the thorax and abdomen. 

63. (a) Tubes conveying chyle from the intestines to the 
veins. - (b) Tubes that convey the lymph or watery part of the 
blood. 

64. Turpentine, salt, or silver coins bound on the bite. If 
teeth are sound the poison can be drawn out of the wound with 
the mouth. 



84 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

65. Fermentation is the exposure of certain products to 
the air where through the process of souring the sugar is 
changed to carbonic acid and alcohol. 

As alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water, by heat- 
ing a mixture containing both, the alcohol may be driven off 
in the form of vapor. This is distillation. 

66. A salt of chloric acid; an astringent substance found 
in many vegetables as coffee, willow, oak bark, etc.; poisonous 
substance in tobacco; a sour substance found in fruits. 

67. (1) Take the proper amount of exercise. (2) Take 
the proper amount of sleep and rest. (3) Use pure water. 
(4) Breathe pure air. (5) Be regular in habits. (6) Keep 
the skin clean. (7) Wear clean, suitable clothing. (8) Eat 
plain well-cooked food. (9) Abstain from alcoholics and 
narcotics. (10) Be chaste. 

68. Painful local inflammations near joints. It is some- 
times accompanied with fever. 

69. The fine particles of tobacco in smoke lodge in air pas- 
sages creating irritation. When inhaled as cigarettes the ef- 
fect is greater. 

70. Altitude, latitude, water. 

71. The atlas is that vertebra on which the skull tlirectly 
rests. It permits the head to be removed backwards. 

72. The gray matter of the brain is composed of nerve 
cells, fine nerve-fibers and supporting tissues; the white mat- 
ter is composed chiefly of large medullated fibers. In the form- 
er the associating nervous activities take place, while the fibers 
of the white matter serve to conduct nerve impulses. 

73. Mcotine. It has the power to interfere with the ac- 
tivities of the smooth musculature of the alimentary canal and 
of the blood vessels and seriously to affect the activities of the 
heart. It may also partially paralyze the activities of the vol- 
untary muscles. 



85 
GENEEAL HISTOEY. (Questions.) 
I. Questions on Egypt. 

1. When and by whom was Egypt founded? 

2. Describe the Hyksos and tell of their reign. 

3. What Pharaohs built the pyramids? Who "refused to 
let the Israelites go?" 

4. Name the rival cities and tell of their rise and decline. 

5. To what different countries has Egypt been subjected? 

6. What may be said briefly of Egyptian education and 
religion ? 

7. For what are they noted? 

II. Questions on China and India. 

8. For what are these people noted? 

9. State the chief characteristics of their education and 
religion. 

10. Who was Confucius? Chewangte? 

11. Name the earliest dates in each country of which there 
is a record. 

12. How did they regard other nations? 

III. Babylonia-Assyria. 

13. What date marks the rise of Babylonia and Assyria? 

14. Who was the first KJing of Assyria? 

15. By whom was Babylon founded and when? 

16. Give a brief description of Babylon, comparing its size 
with the present size of London. 

17. Name three of Babylon's most noted rulers. 

18. Name the rival cities. 

19. Explain the Biblical quotation, "The hand writing on 
the wall." 

IV. Phoenicia and Judea. 

20. For what were the Phoenicians noted? 

21. When does the history of this nation begin? 

22. Name the rival cities. 

23. Where is Carthage? By whom founded? When? 



86 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

24. What is the earliest date in Hebrew History? 

25. What was the "Exodus" When did it occur 

26. Name the greatest rulers of Judea. 

27. Give the account of the division of the monarchy. 

28. In what condition are the Hebrews today? 

V. Medo-Persia. 

29. How did Media and Persia become one nation? 

30. What Persian King had Daniel thrown into the "den 
of lions?" 

31. Explain the saying, "As unchangeable as the laws of 
the Medes and Persians." 

32. Describe the Persian court. 

33. Name three of the greatest rulers. 

34. Give dates of Persia's rise, zenith and decline. 

35. What religions had their birth in Persia? 

VI. Greece. 

36. Who were the first inhabitants of Greece? 

37. Recite the legend of the Trojan War. 

38. What classes of people were there in Greece? 

39. Name the three great law-givers of Greece. 

40. Define the words tyrant and slave as formerly used. 

41. What was ostracism? 

42. When, where and by whom was the first decisive battle 
of the world fought, and what was the result? 

43. Who pitted the largest army the world ever saw against 
Greeks? Where did he meet with unexpected opposition? 
Where finally defeated? 

44. Who was Pericles? 

45. What enabled Athens to withstand such a long siege 
in the Peloponnesian war? 

46. What was "The Retreat of Ten Thousand?" 

47. Who organized the Macedonian phalanx? Give a sketch 
of Alexander the Great. 

48. What became of Alexander's Kingdom after his death? 

49. When did Greece become a Roman province? 



HISTORY. 87 

50. N'ote the contrasts in the education of the Spartans and 
Athenians. 

51. Name four Greek historians. 

52. Name four poets. 

53. Name four of each of the leading orators, painters, 
sculptors and philosophers. 

54. Name the four great schools of philosophy, giving 
authors and the dates of the founding of each. 

55. For what one thing were the Grecians most renowned? 

56. What cities were rivals? 

57. Make a list of some of the greatest generals in chrono- 
logical order. 

58. What was the nature of their religion? 

59. How did it in the modern era pass under control of 
Turkey, and how did it become free? 

60. Who was Marco Bozzaris? 

61. When and what was the result of the battle of Mis- 
solonghi ? 

VII. EOME. 

62. When and by whom was Eome founded? 

63. What two classes of people figured in Eoman History? 

64. Who was Cincinnatus? Horatio? 

65. Give a short sketch of the early Brutus. 

66. How many Kings had Eome in her early days? 

67. Give their names. 

68. What Carthaginian general invaded Eome? With 
what success did he meet? 

69. Give a short sketch of each of the following men: Ma- 
rius, Sulla and Cataline. 

70. Who constituted the first triumvirate, and when was 
it formed? 

71. State the results of the triumvirate, briefly. 

72. Of whom was the second triumvirate composed, and 
when was it formed? 

73. State the character of the men. 

74. How was Anthony captured by his royal enemy? 

75. What date marks the beginning of Imperial Eome? 



88 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

76. Who is the central figure in all history, and who was 
emperor when he was born? 

77. Who said, ^^I would that the Eomans had but one neck 
so I might cut it off at a single blow?'^ 

78. Who lighted his gardens with "human torches?" 

79. Name the five "Good Emperors." 

80. When and what was the age of the Thirty Tyrants? 

81. How was Constantino converted to Christianity? 

82. When was the empire divided? 

83. ISTame the three great barbaric leaders who invaded 
Rome. 

84. Who was the last Eoman Monarch? 

85. Name four of each of the leading poets, orators, his- 
torians and philosophers. 

86. Describe a gladiatorial combat. 

87. Name the six successive world empires. 

88. Of what did the Roman Education consist? 

89. Name the dates which might be taken for the begin- 
ning of Mediaeval History. 

90. Name the commanders and give the results of the fol- 
lowing battles: Trasimenus, Zama, Phillippi and Actium. 



MEDIAEVAL HISTORY. 
I. Races. 

91. What event marks the beginning of Mediaevel History? 
Give the date of the Dawn and of Modern History. 

92. Who were the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, 
Vandals, Merovingians, Lombards, Anglo-Saxons and Huns, 
and where did each race settle? 

93. Explain why it was that the barbarians were converted 
to Christianity. 

94. Define monasticism and tell why it flourished in the 
middle ages. 

95. What were the Romance tongues? 

96. When and what were the happenings under the reigns 
of Justinian and Heraclius? 



HISTORY. 89 

II. Mohammedanism. 

97. Who was Mohammed? 

98. What was the Hegira? 

99. What three things did the Mohammedans ask of other 
nations ? 

100. Describe the battle of Tours. 

101. How was the empire divided? 

102. State briefly the effects of Saracenic Civilization. 

III. Crusades and Chivalry^ etc. 

103. Who were the crusaders, and why so called? 

104. What was the general effect of the crusades? 

105. Define Feudalism. 

106. Define Chivalry. 

107. Describe a castle. 

108. How were the lands held? 

109. State the order of procedure in conferring knighthood. 

110. Describe the Tournament. 

111. What effect had these practices upon the manners of 
the people ? 

IV. EiSE OF Modern Nations. 

112. Who was Clovis, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne? 

113. What conquests did Charlemagne make, and how was 
his kingdom finally divided? 

114. Where did the N'orthmen wander in the middle ages? 

115. Who ruled France in the middle ages. 

116. In whose reign did absolutism triumph? 

117. Describe the battles of Crecy, Agincourt and Orleans, 
(briefly.) 

118. When was the French Monarchy consolidated? 

119. How many conquests were made of England? Give 
dates of each. 

120. Tell of the conquest of Ireland, Wales and Scotland 
by England. 

121. What events mark the growth of a constitutional mon- 
archy in England ? 



90 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

122. Why was the War of the Eoses so called ? Give date. 

123. What great names are connected with French and En- 
glish Mediaeval History? 

124. Compare the general condition of Germany with France 
and England. 

125. Name and give dates of the different dynasties in Ger- 
many. 

126. When was the Great Interregnum?" 

127. Describe the House of Hapsburg. 

128. When did the Holy Eoman Empire begin and end, and 
what was its condition in the Middle Ages ? 

129. When does Switzerland's History begin? 

130. Name the three battles for Swiss Liberty. 

131. What was the condition of her government? 

132. Eecite the legend of William Tell. 

133. Describe the growth of the papacy. 
13-1. Who was the "last of the Tribunes?" 

135. How did it happen that so many Italian cities became 
independent ? 

136. Name the chief of these cities, and tell something for 
which each is noted. 

137. Give a brief sketch of Joan of Arc. 

138. Who was John Huss? Sigismund? Maxmilian? 

139. Name some inventions of the Mediaeval Period. 

140. What was the condition of punishment in these times? 

141. How many and what dates might be taken as the be- 
ginning of Modern history? 

142. What inventions and happenings are clustered around 
these dates? 

143. Who introduced printing into England? 



MODEEN HISTOEY. 
I. Other Countries Than England. 

144. What were the results of the wars of Charles VIII. of 
France ? 

145. Give results of the wars of Louis XII. in Italv. 



HISTORY. 91 

146. What led to the Eef ormation ? 

147. Why were the reformers called Protestants? 

148. What nations embraced the new doctrines? 

149. What relation was Charles V. to Charles the Bold of 
Burgund}^ ? 

150. Name the rivals of Charles V. 

151. Who was Loyola? 

152. Give a sketch of the Guises. 

153. Who was William the Silent? 

154. What became of the different provinces of the Nether- 
lands ? 

155. What became of AVilliam, Prince of Orange? 

156. What noted descendant had he? 

157. How were the Hapsburg dominions divided upon the 
death of Charles V? 

158. Who was Solyman the magnificent? 

159. Describe briefly the Turkish wars. 

160. Describe the causes of the Thirty Years v/ar. 

161. Who was Wallenstein? 

162. Who was Gustavus Adolphus? 

163. What treaty closed the war? 

164. What was accomplished by this war? 

165. What countries made settlements in America? 

166. Locate the princij^al or chief settlements of each coun- 
try. 

167. Why did Christina abdicate the throne of Sweden? 

168. Who was Charles XII? 

169. Give a sketch of the life of Peter the Great. 

170. Tell of the dismemberment of Poland. 

171. Who were the most influential Popes of Modern His- 
tory? 

172. Tell of Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia. 

173. Describe the "War of the Austrian Succession." 

174. Give a sketch of the reign of the Bourbons in France. 

175. What was the policy of Cardinal Eichilieu? 

176. For what was Louis XIY. noted? 

177. What followed Mazarin's death? 



92 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

178. Give the causes and incidents (briefly) of the "War of 
the Spanish Succession.' 

179. In what wars did Louis XIV. engage? 

180. What possessions did France lose in the last war? 

181. What led to the French Eevolution? 

182. What parties had they in this war? 

183. Name some of the impetuous leaders of the French. 

184. Name five generals of the Eepublic. 

185. What dates mark the "Eeign of Terror?" 

186. What became of the royal family? 

187. Give a sketch of Napoleon. 

188. Who was Napoleon III? 

189. Describe the Holy Alliance. 

190. When did the Greek Eevolution occur, and what was 
the result? 

191. What Eevolutions and wars occurred in 181:8? 

192. What was the seven years war? The seven weeks 
war? The seven montlis war? 

193. Describe the Franco-Prussian war and give the re- 
sults. 

191. Mention all the chief recent modern events since this 



war. 



II. England. 



195. What was done in England under the reign of Henry 
VIII.? 

196. How many wives had he? Name them. 

197. Describe his character. 

198. Tell the story of Wolsley. 

199. Who succeeded Henry VIIL, and when? 

200. Give a sketch of Somerset. 

201. Who was lady Jane Grey? 

202. Who was Mary Tudor? 

203. Name the principal events of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 

204. Give a sketch of Sir Walter Ealeigh. 

205. Describe the foreign policy of James I. 

206. Of whom was it gaid^ "He is the wisest fool in 
Europe ?" 



HISTORY. 93 

207. Who said it? 

208. State the troubles between Charles I. and his parlia- 
ment. 

209. Who was Hampden? Strafford? Laud? 

210. What parties had they in England then? 

211. How long did the Civil War last. 

212. What became of Charles I.? 

213. Who succeeded him? 

214. Give a sketch of Oliver Cromwell. 

215. What bodies were called the Long and Short Parlia- 
ments ? 

216. When and what was the "Eestoration ?" 

217. Describe the Gunpowder Plot. 

218. What parties antedated the Cavaliers and Eoundheads, 
and what parties have succeeded them ? 

219. When and under whose reign was the present Protest- 
ant version of the Bible translated ? 

220. Who were the "Pretenders?" 

221. How did it happen that they were only pretenders? 

222. Tell the story of the American Eevolution. 

223. Who succeeded Geo. IV. 

224. Describe the Crimean War. 

225. Give a sketch of the British in India. 

226. What was done by Warren Hastings^ and who was he? 

227. Who made the great speech against him? 

228. Give a short sketch of the history of Australia. 

229. What caused our second war with Great Britain? 

230. Mention some recent events in English History. 

231. Who was termed the "Grand Old Man?" 

232. When did Queen Victoria come to the throne? 

233. Who is the prime minister at present? 

234. What did Cardinal Mazzini, the Italian patriot, say of 
the growth of liberty? 

235. Give causes and results of recent war in Africa. 

236. What recent question was settled by the Hague Tri- 
bunal ? 

237. Topics for study: Panama KevolutioUj Miss Stone's 
Eansom, Eusso-Japanese War. 



94 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

GENEEAL HISTOEY (ANSWEES). 
Ancient History — I. Egypt. 

1. Egypt was founded by Menes about 3700 B. C. 

2. The Hyksos or Shepherd Kings entered Egypt about 
1900 B. C.y and conquered the country, ruling it until 1525 
B. C. The country prospered exceedingly under their reign. 
They were called the "Shepherd Kings" because they were 
herdsmen and brought their flocks with them. 

3. Khufu and his successors. Eameses 11. 

4. Memphis and Thebes. Memphis was the first capital 
— founded by Menes, and supplanted by Thebes which arose 
in the Xth dynasty. (Thotmes III. was from Thebes.) 

5. Persia, Greece, Eome, Turkey, France and England. 

6. They were learned in the arts and sciences, but ex- 
tremely superstitious and irreligious. They worshipped the 
gods Osiris, (husband), Isis, (wife) and Horus, (son), the 
planets, animals and the Nile river. 

7. Pyramids, Obelisks, Sphinxes, Statues, Hieroglyphics 
and Mummies. 

II. China and India. 

8. Their policy of non-intercourse with other nations; rev- 
erence for their ancestors; the Great Wall; classics of Confu- 
cius; and memory cultivation. 

9. They consider it a disgrace for a child to learn more 
than his parents knew, and they had four kinds of religion. 
In China, Confucianism or a following after the teachings of 
Confucius. Taoism or a system of reasoning, were both fol- 
lowed; while in India Brahmanism, as taught by the priest 
Brahma, was followed, and Buddhism, as presented by Bud- 
dha, is practiced in both countries. 

10. (a) He was the greatest teacher of China and flour- 
ished in the 5th century B. C. (b) Chewang-te built the great 
wall (215—204 B. C.) 

11. China, 3000 B. C. India, 1500 B. C. 

12. They regarded them as barbarians. 



HISTORY. 95 

III. Babylonia-Assyria. 

13. Assyria, 1250 B. C. Babylonia, 625 B. C. 

14. Tiglathinin. 

15. Babylon was founded by Nimrod, a mighty hunter, 
about 4000 B. C. 

16. Babylon was noted for her monuments, hanging gar- 
dens and aquariums. She was five times as large as London is 
now, and the admiration of the then known world. 

17. Nabopolassar, Nebuchednezzar and Belshazzar. 

18. Babylon, which was the seat of government until 1250 
B. C, and rose again 625 B. C, and Nineveh, which was the 
capital from 1256 B. C. to 625 B. C. 

19. Belshazzar, the last King of Babylon, held a great feast 
and amid the uproar of drunken revelry, a hand was seen writ- 
ing on the wall in his room. The King was much astonished 
and sent for his astrologers and soothsayers, but none of them 
could explain the meaning of the words: — "Mene-mene-Tekel- 
Upharsin" — which were written. At last the King sent for 
Daniel and he interpreted it as follows : "The days of thy king- 
dom are numbered. Thou art weighed in the balance and 
found wanting, and thy kingdom shall be divided among the 
Persians." That very night Cyrus turns the Euphrates from 
its course, enters the city and captures it. 

IV. Phoenicia and Judea. 

20. They invented the alphabet, and were noted as com- 
mercial people and traders. 

21. About 1550 B. C. 

22. Sidon and T3Te. 

23. Carthage w^as founded in Africa on the Mediterranean 
sea by Phoenicians from Tyre in 880 B. C. 

24. The beginning of the Patriarchal Age, 2000 B. C. 

25. The Exodus was the going out or the removal of the 
Israelites from Egypt. It occurred in 1491 B. C. 

26. Saul, David and Solomon. 

27. The division occurred in 975 B. C. and two of the 
tribes known as Judah accepted Rehoboam as their King, and 



96 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINEE. 

had their capital at Jerusalem; and the other ten tribes known 
as Israel made Jeroboam King with their capital at Samaria. 
These last tribes were captured by Sargon and finally became 
known as the "lost tribes." 

28. They are scattered over the face of the earth, being 
the most numerous in Russia and Austro-Hungary. 

V. Medo-Persia. 

29. The Medes under Cyaxares were the leading nation 
at first, overthrowing Nineveh. Aystyages, the son of Cyax- 
ares, became the father-in-law of Cyrus of Persia, and Cyrus 
attended the King^s court so much that he was liked by the 
Medes who revolted and were united into one nation under 
Cyrus with the Persians. 

30. Cyrus, who captured Babylon (Darius of the Bible). 

31. The Medes and Persians seldom, if ever, changed their 
minds in regard to either laws or customs. See Daniel 
VI— 12. 

32. It was as extravagant as the modern one of Louis XIV., 
but not so profligate. Wines were freely used. ' The King had 
upwards of fifteen thousand servants and attendants, besides 
numerous courtiers, and spies of every description, imagin- 
able, almost. 

33. Cyrus, Cambyses and Darius I. 

34. 538 B. C. ; 500 B. C. ; 486 on until 330 B. C, when it be- 
comes subject to Greece. 

35. Zoroastrianism, which was the worship of Zoroaster as 
taught in the book, "Zend-avesta." It tauglit a system of du- 
alism in nature, Ormazd being the God of Light, and Aliri- 
mann, the God of Darkness. They worshipped both of these 
Gods; Magianism, or the worship of the magicians; and the 
Ghebers or worshippers of fire. 

VI. Greece. 

36. The Pelasgians, who were conquered and absorbed by 
the Hellenes. 

37. Paris, the son of Priam, King of Troy, had seized 
Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta, and carried her off 



HISTORY. 97 

to his home. Agamemnon, the brother-in-law of Menelaus, 
together with a lot of Grecian warriors sails for Troy to avenge 
the wrong. They laid siege to Troy for nine years and finally 
took the city by the stratagem of the wooden horse. Achilles, 
Ajax, Ulysses, Nestor and Diomed were chiefs in this myth- 
ological war. 

38. The Dorians and lonians were the races of early 
Greece, and the Spartans and Athenians were the leading 
classes of later Greece. 

39. Lycurgiis of Sparta. Draco and Solon of Athens. 

40. A tyrant, formerly, meant one who usurped power, and 
he might be either a good or a bad ruler. The word slave, 
simply meant a servant. 

41. The word is derived from the Greek word ostros, a 
shell. When the people disliked a statesman, or general, they 
wrote his name on shells, and if a majority of the shells were 
written (i. e. with the name on them) on, the man whose 
name was so inscribed was banished for life, or for a stated 
period, from his country. 

42. In 490 B. C. at Marathon, between the Greeks under 
Miltiades, and the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes. The 
Greeks won a signal victory. 

43. (a) Xerxes, King of Persia, who had 1,500,000 men. 
(b) At the pass of Thermopylae, (c) At Salamis, on water, 
and at Platea and Mycale on land, 479 B. C. 

44. A noted ruler under the Athenian Leadership (479 B. 
C. to 431 B. C.) 

45. The protection afforded by her walls and Persian gold. 

46. The retreat of 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon who made 
a foolhardy expedition for Cyrus the Younger of Persia. 

47. (a) Philip the Great, (b) He was the son of Philip of 
Macedonia, who already had all of the other Grecian states at 
his feet. Alexander became King when he was only twenty 
years old, (335 B. C.) and after he had dealt some of his crush- 
ing blows upon his rebellious subjects, he entered upon a world- 
conquering tour. He crossed the Hellespont with 35,000 men 
and in the decisive battles of Granicus, Issus and Arbela he 
defeated the Persians and took possession of their empire. He 



98 THE WEST VIRGINIA KXAMINER. 

next conquered India, and was preparing to attack Carthage and 
Sicily when a sudden fever put an end to his military career. 
He died at the age of 32, having reigned thirteen years. 

48. There was much contention among his generals for 
many years, but after the battle of Ipsus, 301 B. C, it was 
divided as follows: Seleucus received Syria and the East; Ly- 
simachus, Thrace and Asia Minor; Ptolemy, Egypt, and Cas- 
sander, Greece and Macedonia. 

49. In 30 B. C. 

50. The Spartans were taught to be adroit, skillful and 
cultivated bluntness. Their training was of a military nature. 
The Athenians were taught manners, rhythms and harmonies 
and gymnastics. They cultivated a taste for the beautiful in 
nature and art. 

51. Thuc3^dides, Diodorus-Siculus, Herodotus and Plutarch. 
(Answers may differ on these questions as found in this book.) 

52. Homer, Hesiod, Pindar and Aeschylus. 

53. (a) The immortal Demosthenes, Pericles, Aeschines and 
Anaxagoras. (b). Zeuxis, Apollodonis, Parrhasius and Melan- 
thius. (c) Phidias, Polyclitus, Myron and Praxiteles, (d) 
Socrates, Plato, Diogenes, Aristotle. 

54. Dates are 550 B. C, 350 B. C, 330 B. C, and 475 B. 

C respectively. 

1. Academic founded by Plato. 

2. Peripatetic founded by Aristotle. 

3. Epicurean, founded by Epicurus. 

4. Stoic, founded by Zeno. 

55. Bravery. 

56. Sparta and Athens, and Thebes and Corinth. 

57. Militades, Themistocles, Aristides, Alcibiades, Epami- 
nondas, Agesilaus IL, Philip and Alexander the Great. 

58. They worshipped great imaginary gods, and about three 
thousand minor gods and goddesses. (See outline on Greece.) 
It was purely a mythological religion. 

59. The Turks were trying to revolutionize the world and 
they took Constantinople in 1453 A. D. Greece revolted in the 
19th century and became free by the assistance of England and 
France. 



HISTORY. 99 

60. A Grecian leader in the war for independence against 
Turkey. He was killed at the battle of Missolonghi. 

61. This battle was fought in 1824. The Grreeks were suc- 
cessful, although their leader was killed. 



VII. EOME. 

62. It was founded by Eomulus in 753 B. C. 

63. The Patricians or nobles, and the Plebeians or common 
people. 

64. (a) Cincinnatus was a plowman, who was waited upon 
by a committee from the Senate which informed him that he 
was chosen to lead the armies of Eome and save his country. 
He did their bidding and saved his country, but could not be 
persuaded to remain at the head of affairs of State and went 
back to his plow, (b) Horatio, single-handed, held a bridge 
and kept the Etruscans at bay until the Eomans had a chance 
to save themselves by swimming the Tiber. 

65. He was one of the first consuls under the Eepublic in 
509 B. C, and he sentenced two of his own sons to death for 
l)eing traitors. He was killed in a battle with the Etruscans, 
l)ut the Eomans were victorious. 

C^G. Seven. 

67. Eomulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullius Hostilius, Ancus 
Martins, Tarquin tlie Elder, Servius Tullius and Tarquin the 
Proud. 

68. Hannibal. He was successful for a number of years, 
but was finally overcome by the odds against him. 

69. When the Jugurthine war occurred, (110-109 B. C.) 
Marius was made consul, and Sulla, a bright but dissolute young 
man, was general. The general was to obey the consul, and the 
consul could not serve for a period longer than two years. They 
both violated these laws, and torn by internal strife, and ha- 
rassed by the barbarians, Eome entered into a civil war. At first 
Marius was expelled, and Sulla with his conquering legions cap- 
tured Eome. Then Marius gathered a force of troops and he 
came back and took the imperial city, but died (88 B. C.) be- 
fore Sulla returned from his conquering tour in Asia. Next 
followed a reign of terror for Sulla murdered 6,000 soldiers of 



100 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. ' 

the opposite party. After three years of dreadful rule he re- 
signed suddenly, and died (78 B. C). (b) Cataline was a dis- 
solute nobleman who secretly attempted (63 B. C.) to over- 
throw the Eoman government by assassinating the consuls. 
The plot seemed likely to succeed, until Cicero, the orator and 
lawyer, became acquainted with the facts, when prompt meas- 
ures were introduced to stop it. Cataline died leading his 
rebellious citizens and Cicero, for his work, has been hailed as 
the "Father of His Country." 

TO. Caesar, Pompey and Crassus; 60 B. C. 

71. The other two got the wealth of Crassus, who was mur- 
dered while fighting in Parthia. Pompey and Caesar acted in 
harmony for a time, but jealousies arose and Caesar defeated 
Pompey gaining the throne. 

72. Octavius (Augustus), Antony and Lepidus. 43 B. C. 

73. Lepidus was weak minded and soon disposed of by the 
others. Antony held out against his superiors, until the charms 
of the Egyptian Cleopatra subdued him, and Augustus or Octa- 
vius becomes another, if not a greater "Caesar." 

74. He was defeated at Actium m 31 B. C, and again at 
Alexandria where he killed himself. 

75. 30 B. C. 

76. Jesus who is called Christ. He was born when Augustus 
was emperor. 

77. Caligula, one of the emperors. 

78. Nero. 

79. Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian and the two Antonines. 

80. In 260 A. D., upon the death of Valerian, King of 
Eome, various fragments of the empire set up petty govern- 
ments whose chiefs were known as the "Thirty Tyrants." 

81. Constantine who had always been friendly to the Chris- 
tians was marching into Italy with his army in 312 A. D., when 
he saw a light, and a flaming cross in the sky with the inscrip- 
tion on it, "In Hoc Signo Vinces" (By this sign conquer). 
He adopted the emblem, and was converted to Christianity." 

82. Just after the death of Theodosius in 395 A. D. 

83. Alaric, Attila and Genseric. 

84. Eomulus Augustulus, 476 A. D. 



HISTORY. 



101 



85. (a) Plautus, Virgil, Horace and Ovid, (b) Cicero, 
Seneca and the two Plinys. (c) Cato the Censor, Caesar, Sal- 
Inst and Livy. 

86. These combats were advertised by public announce- 
ments, and on the day of the exhibition, decorations were pro- 
fuse. Syrian perfumes were laden on the air and the gladiators 
marched into the arena in pairs to the sweetest strains of music. 
When one was severely wounded by a lance or spear (or was 
thrown from his horse) he held up his forefinger as a plea for 
life. A waiving of the handkerchief meant mercy and the ex- 
tended thumb and clinched first forbade hope. 

87. 1. Babylonia-Assyrian. 2. Persian. 3. Grecian. 4. Eo- 
man. 5. Mohammedan. 6. Charlemagne's. 

88. A study of the Greek and Latin authors. Mythology, 
Architecture and Agriculture. — It was a classical education. 

89. 1. Alaric in Eome, 410 B. C— 2. Battle of Chalons 451 
B. C— 3. Downfall of Rome, 476 A. D. 

90. 



BATTLES. 


GENERALS. 


PARTIES AND RESULTS. 


DATE. 


1. Trasimenus. 


J Fluminius 

/ Hannibal . . 


Romans defeated by Carthagini- 
ans 


B.C. 

217 




( Scipio Africanus 

1 Hannibal . . 


Romans Victorious 


201 


2. Zama 


Brutus and Cassius defeated 

Octavius Victorious . ... 




3. Phillipi..... 


( Brutus and Cassius 

} Octavius and Antony. . . 
( Antony and Cleopatra. . 
I Octavius — 


41 
31 


4. Actium 







I. Eaces. 

91. The downfall of Eome, 476 A. D.; 1100 A. D.; 1500 
A. D. 

92. (a) The Ostrogoths were a powerful barbaric tribe in 
the east of Germany, (b) The Visigoths were in Western Ger- 
many. They were related to each other, (c) The Burgundi- 
ans came from the north-east and settled in Central Europe. 

(d) The Vandals were a devastating tribe of Northern Africa. 

(e) The Merovingians were a weak Northern Germanic tribe. 

(f) The Lombards were from the East, and so called because 
of their long beards. They settled in Lombardy. (g) The 
Huns, after securing all Burpoe finally settled (some of them) 



102 THE WEST VIEGINIA EXAMINER. 

in Hungary, (h) The Anglo-Saxons were descendants of the 
Goths, and named from the sections in which they had settled. 
They settled and named Angle-land or England. 

93. While they were carrying destruction with their arms 
wherever they went, they met the plain, common, humble fol- 
lowers of Christ, whose examples of piety touched the tender 
hearts of the barbarians; and the countries conquered with the 
sword, generally, conquered the conquerors with their religion. 

94. The word is derived from the Greek, monacho, mean- 
ing a monk. It was the practice of the Catholic church, of hav- 
ing monks assemble in groups or monasteries, for the purpose 
of spiritual education. By this means alone was the Bible, and 
all records of Christianity saved and promulgated. It flour- 
ished, therefore, because it was deemed a necessity. 

95. The barbaric languages which were Eomanized or Lat- 
inized. Such as the Italian, French and Spanish. 

96. Under the reign of Justinian, the Emperor of the East 
occurred; (1) The adornment of his capital; (2) the writing 
of the Pandects, Codes and Institutes of Roman Law; (3) and 
the defeat of the Goths in Italy by his general, Belisarius. 
While Heraclius was on the throne was fought the battle oc 
Nineveh (627 A. D.) and Persia was overthrown. 

11. Mohammedanism. 

97. He was an Arabian camel driver and was born in Mecca 
in 571 A. D. He called himself God's prophet and founded a 
new religion. 

98. The fiiglit of Mohammed from his place of nativity to 
Medina in 622 A. D. was called "Hegira." 

99. The "Koran", tribute or the sword. Other nations must 
either accept their doctrines, pay them tribute or be put to 
death. 

100. The Mohammedans had been successful in their world- 
conquering expedition, and marched northward from Spain. 
Here they met the Franks under Charles Martel ("The Ham- 
mer") in 732 A. D. After a fierce and spirited battle in which 
375,000 men were left dead on the field, the Mohammedans or 



HISTORY. 103 

Saracens met their first defeat, and the Pjrrenees became tlie 
northern boundary of tlie Saracenic Empire in Europe. 

101. The "Ommiades^^ held Spain with their capital at Cor- 
dova; the "Abassides" ruled Northern Africa and Arabia from 
their capital at Bagdad; and the descendants of Ali, son-in- 
law of Mohammed, controlled Persia, Egypt and Mauretania. 

102. At the time of the introduction of Mohammedanism, 
the other religions were almost lifeless, and the Chris- 
tian Church, especially, was very weak. This accounts 
for their wonderful influence. They established schools at Cor- 
dova and Bagdad, and as all Europe was buried beneath the 
flood of ignorance, people from all parts of the world had to 
resort to these schools for education. They gave us Algebra, 
Arithmetic, and many other commendable things. 

III. Crusades, Chivalry, etc. 

103. They were those Christians who desired to rescue the 
Holy Land of Palestine and the Tomb of Christ from the 
Moslems or Mohammedans. They used the cross as their em- 
blem, hence they were called Croisaders or Crusaders, (i. e. fol- 
lowers of the Cross.) 

104. Although the general effect was entirely different from 
the object in view, yet it was beneflcial to Europe. 1. The 
minds of Crusaders were enlightened by contact with customs, 
different from their own. 2. They introduced, into Europe, 
sugar, silk and fine wheat from the East. 3. Principalities, 
duchies and counties warred with each other after the crusad- 
ing ceased. 4. The Church's power increased. 5. The Crusades 
brought chivalry. 6. A rivalry arose between Italian free cities 
in regard to the Eastern trade. . 7. Secret societies were fos- 
tered and encouraged. 

105. Feudalism was that system by means of which knights 
and lords held their lands, on condition of military service to 
the King, or chief, who granted them, and they in turn held 
vassals under them upon the same condition. 

106. Chivalry was a training of skilled knights from boy- 
hood. At the age of seven years, the boy became a Page and 
had certain duties to perform. When he was fourteen years old 



104 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

he became a Squire, and at 21 he was knighted if he had stood 
all the previous tests and performed the strict duties exacted 
of him. 

107. It was usually a strong stone fortress on some high 
cliff inclosed by massive parapetted walls, encircled by ditches 
shining with towers. 

108. The lands were held by the people at the will of their 
lords, vassals, fiefs or suzerains upon condition of service to 
them. 

109. The candidate on bended knees took a vow to defend 
his lord's good name and to be his (lord's) man, to not shun 
any adventure in any war he mighty happen to be, and to protect 
women and all weak persons. He was then stricken on the 
neck with the flat side of the sword and dubbed a knight. 

110. Lists were painted and gilded and hung with gorgeous 
tapestries. The combatants (knights clad in armor on horse- 
back) appeared at the sound of music, and rushed toward each 
other with frantic fury. They were sometimes preceded by 
ladies who led them with golden chains. There were knights 
and heralds posted at places in the lists to replace broken lances 
and weapons, and to assist or raise unhorsed knights, and see 
that order was observed. 

111. The effect of chivalry was to cause people to be more 
polite, to make them respect weakness, and honor women. 

! 

IV. EisE OF Modern Nations. 

112. (a) King of the Franks from 487-507 A. D. (b) 
Pepin, the Short, was the son of Charles Martcl and King of 
the Franks, (c) Charlemagne was the son of Pepin, conqueror 
of Italy and Germany, and Emperor of the Holy Roman Em- 
pire from 800-814 A. D. 

113. He conquered all that territory from the Baltic to the 
Adriatic Sea, and from the English channel to the East of Bur- 
gundy, and re-established the Holy Roman Empire — 800. At 
the Treaty of Verdum in 843 A. D. Lothair obtained Italy, 
Louis held Germany and the Rhine, and Charles the Bold, 
France. All these were his grandsons. 



HISTORY. 105 

114. They went to Normandy in France, Eussia, Green- 
land and Iceland. 

115. The Merovingian, Carlovingian, Ca^Detian and Valois 
families. 

116. In the reign of Louis XI.— 1461-1483. 

117. (a) Crecy was fought between the English, under Ed- 
ward III., and the French under Philip VI., in France in 1346. 
The French were defeated, (b) Henry V. of England defeated 
an army of French four times as large as his own, at Agincourt 
in 1415. The French were commanded by Charles VI. (c) 
The English had laid siege to Orleans in 1492, but Joan of Arc, 
a simple, peasant girl who believed she was inspired of heaven 
to save her country, appeared at the head of the French army 
and the English retreated. 

118. Under Charles VII., aided by Joan of Arc in 1422. 

119. 1. Eoman Conquest — 79 A. D. 2. Saxon Conquest — 
about 400 A. D. 3. The Danish Conquest— 1016 A. D. 4. Nor- 
man Conquest — 1066 A. D. 

120. (a) Ireland was conquered by the barons of Henry II., 
1154-1189, but rebelled and defeated the Earl of Essex in 1589, 
and was again beaten by Ireton, son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, 
in 1651. (b) Wales was subdued by Edward I. in 1300 A. D. 
His son, Edward II., attempted to conquer Scotland, but such 
.men as Wallace and Bruce proved too much for him and he 
was defeated, (c) The Crowns were united under the monarch, 
James VI. of Scotland, who became James I. of England, in 
1603. — Union of Parliament later. 

121. 1. The war of the barons against King John, in 1215, 
and the obtainment of the "Great Charter.'' 2. The war of 
Parliament against the King, Charles I., led by Oliver Crom- 
well— 1644-48. 3. The rise of the House of Commons from 
1640 since. 4. The Granting of the Petition of Eight— 1628. 
4. Bill of Eights— 1689. 

122. Two ladies discussing the troubles between the Houses 
of York and Lancaster, exhibited White and Eed Eoses, respec- 
tively, to exemplify the purity of the one and the beauty of the 
other. It began in 1455 and lasted for tliirty years. 



106 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

123. 1. Charlemagne. 2. Joan of Arc. 3. Hugh Capet. 
4. Louis XI. 5. Eichard I. 6. Alcuin. See p. 52. 

124. France and England were almost continually at war 
with each other, while Germany struggled against the Barba- 
rians in order to hold the title of "Emperor of the Holy Eoman 
Empire," established by Charlemagne in 800. 

125. Carlovingians, Franconians, Saxons, Hohenstaufens 
and Hapsburgs. (See outlines for dates.) 

126. From 1253 until 1273. . 

127. It was named from Eudolph's Castle in Switzerland, 
and was proud, haughty and revengeful. 

128. It lasted until 1806. (See Ans. to No. 34.) It was 
an empty honor, conferred on the weak rulers of Germany, in 
the middle ages. 

129. In 1307, when a little band met and swore that they 
would have liberty. 

130. Morgarten— 1315. Sempach— 1386. Nafels— 1388. 

131. Her independence was acknowledged in 1648. The 
country at first comprised only eight cantons, or districts, but 
it now has 22 cantons. It became a republic, and such a one 
that no nation dared to tread upon its rights. 

132. William Tell was put in prison and his son was arrest- 
ed. Gessler, the Austrian governor, told Tell if he would shoot 
an apple off his son's head, at the distance of 100 paces, he 
(Gessler) would grant them both liberty. Tell was very skill- 
ful with the bow, but he hid an arrow in his vest that he might 
shoot Gessler, should he hit his boy. Tell hits the apple, but 
Gessler, discovering the hidden arrow, put him in prison again. 
One time after this, they were in a boat on a stormy lake, and 
TelFs chains were unloosened that he might steer the boat, when 
lie jumped out on a rock, hid and shot Gessler, killing him. 

133. The monasteries kept alive the lights of learning, be- 
cause they were peaceful, did acts of devotion, furnished homes 
for the oppressed, practiced benevolence, and restrained feudal- 
ism when it was too much for even the Kings. The gift of 
Pepin, the Short, made the pope a political prince; the crusades 
strengthened the papal power; and the belief that the world 



HISTORY. 107 

would come to an end in 1000 A. D. all increased the power of 
the Papacy. 

134. Eienzi, the Eoman Patriot. 

135. When the Roman Empire was destroyed, it began to 
crumble, and the strongest cities had to prepare for a struggle 
for existence against the barbarians. 

136.. Florence, the birthplace of Amerigo Vespucci; Genoa, 
the birthplace of Columbus; Venice, built on seventy-two small 
islands. 

137. She was the daughter of a peasant and believed that 
God had inspired her to save the French. Leaving home, she 
entered the army and led it to victory against the English. 
She had the Dauphin crowned King at Eheims, and declared 
that her mission was ended; but the silly King insisted that 
she must remain with the army. She was captured by the Eng- 
lish, and burned at the stake in 1431 at the age of 20. She 
foretold, amid the flames, that the English would soon meet 
with disasters. 

138. (a) A protestant reformer of Bohemia, (b) Emperor of 
Hungary and Bohemia, (c) Emperor of Germany before the 
Reformation. 

139. The inventions of gunpowder, printing and the ma- 
riner's compass. (See tables for authors, &c.) 

140. They were extremely severe. Heretics were burned at 
the stake, which was the punishment for severe crimes, and was 
always administered by almost all religious denominations and 
rulers. 

141. 1. 1453— Close of the "Hundred Years War." 2. 
•Downfall of Constantinople. 3. 1491 — Expulsion of the Moors 
from Spain. 4. 1492 — Discovery of America. 5. 1500 — As a 
general date including all these events. 

142. Deliverance of France; War of the Roses; Conquest of 
Granada; Printing of first book by Gutenburg; The Tudor 
family comes to the throne of England; Vasco DeGama doubles 
the Cape of Good Hope; Savonarola is burned at the stake; 
Charles VIII. invaded Italy; and Chivalry becomes obsolete. 

143. William Caxton, 



108 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

II. Other Countries than England. 

144. They gave the French a thirst for conquest for which 
Italy suffered often^ and led to acquaintances which resulted 
in Philip, heir to the Netherlands, marrying Joanna, daughter 
of Ferdinand and Isabella, while Catharine, Joanna's sister, 
married Arthur of England, and became heir to the British 
crown, upon the death of Henry, brother of Arthur. 

145. He was at first successful, but committed such brutal 
outrages, and his best general Gaston de Foix having been killed 
at Ravenna in 1512, he was defeated. 

146. Wealth and undisputed power had probably led the 
church into some abuses, and some men thought and felt that 
the Popes were not true representatives of Christ. 

147. The Diet of the Church at Spires, 1529, declared that 
no changes from the doctrines and worship would be allowed, 
and the German princes and cities that protested against this 
were termed Protestants. 

148. Denmark, Sweden and a part of Germany and Switz- 
erland, the Netherlands and England. 

149. He was the great grand-son of Charles the Bold of 
Burgundy. 

150. Solyman, Francis II. and Henry VIII. 

151. Ignatius Loyola was a Spanish cavalier, who had once 
been wounded in battle. He led a counter-influence for the 
Catholic church against Luther by founding the grand order 
of Jesuits. 

152. The Guises were descended from the Dukes of Lor- 
raine. Mary married James V. of Scotland, and her daughter, 
Mary, married Francis II. of France. Hence they had a won- 
derful influence, at the Scottish and French courts, against the 
English. The Duke of Guise defended Metz against Charles 
V. who had an army of 100,000 men, and he captured Calais. 
He has been accused of being the chief promoter of the massa- 
cre of St. Bartholomew — 1572, and he seized Paris itself at 
one time. Henry, the heir to the French crown, invited him to 
a conference and had him stabbed to death. 

153. William, Prince of Orange, in the Netherlands. 



HISTORY. 109 

154. In the war for the ^'Eise of the Dutch Eepublic," Wil- 
liam attempted to unite them all together but failed. The ten 
lower provinces were however united to the seven upper ones 
in 1814. 

155. He was murdered in his own house by a hired assassin 
of Philip II., of Spain in 1584. 

156. His grandson, William, who married Mary, daughter 
of James II., of England, and headed the Eevolution of 1688, 
winning the English crown. 

157. His brother, Ferdinand, became emperor of Germany 
and Duke of Austria; and Philip obtained Spain and the Neth- 
erlands, yet they acted in concert. 

158. He was the ruler of Turkey and the great Moham- 
medan leader of Modern Times. 

159. Solyman had captured Cypress and alarmed all Eu- 
rope. The Spanish and Venetians succeeded in defeating the 
Turks in the battle of Lepanto, 1571. Solyman's death caused 
a lull in the wars as his immediate successor, Selim, was a weak 
monarch; but when Mohammed II. had murdered his nineteen 
brothers in order to gain the throne, he, of course, renewed the 
war and at Kerestes, in 1596, 50,000 Christians were slain. 
They, t-he Mohammedans, were, however, beaten, and Bohemia 
and Hungary were relieved from paying them tribute. 

160. The crowns of Bohemia and Hungary were resigned 
to Ferdinand of Styria. The Bohemians revolted against Ferdi- 
nand and chose Frederick the Palatinate, and son-in-law of 
James I. of England, as their king. See p. 61. Eymer's Out- 
lines on Gen. Hist. 

16L He was the Imperial general and leader of the Cath- 
olic forces and was never defeated until he met Gustavus Adol- 
phus. He was assassinated under orders of the emperor for trea- 
son. 

162. He was the Protestant King of Sweden, who led his 
troops to victory against the famous Wallenstein at Lutzen in 
1632. He died amid the victorious shouts of his soldiers. 

163. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. 

164. 1. It brought the religious wars on the continent to 
an end; 2. granted religious freedom; 3. recognized the inde- 



110 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINEE. 

pendence of Switzerland; 4. and Holland; 5. and gave Alsace 
to France; 6. and Pomerania to Sweden, The causes were for- 
gotten. 

165. Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland and Swe- 
den. 

166. 1. The Spaniards settled in Mexico, S. A., Cuba, Hayti 
and the Phillipines; 2. The Portugese in Brazil and various 
islands; 3. The English in Virginia, Mass., N. H., Conn., E. I., 
N. C. and S. C, Georgia and Guiana; 4. The Dutch in New 
York, Guiana, Java and Spice Islands; 5. The French in Cana- 
da, Guiana and La.; 6. The Swedes in Delaware. 

167. She was only six years old when Gustavus Adolphus 
her father was killed. She displayed remarkable ability, but no 
steadiness of purpose, and became tired of governing, so she 
resigned in favor of her cousin Charles X., and spent the rest 
of her life in aimless wandering. 

168. Charles XII. of Sweden was a grandson of Charles X. 
He came to the throne in 1697, at fifteen years of age. His 
enemies attempted to take advantage of his youth and divide his 
kingdom, but in two weeks he defeated the King of Denmark. 
Eussia had besieged Narva with 80,000 men, and he went to 
its relief with only 8,000 Swedes and beat them. Next he 
crushed Poland, placing Stanislaus Leczinsky on the throne, 
and driving Augustus the Strong into Saxony, Imagining him- 
self a second Alexander, he invaded Eussia, but was defeated 
at Pultowa in 1709, and killed in a siege in Norway before he 
reached home in 1718. 

169. He became joint-king with his demented half-brother, 
when he was ten years old. At the age of seventeen he siezed the 
crown for himself — 1689. He went to England, Holland and 
other countries and learned the art of ship-building, and ob- 
served everything that could be of any use to his country. He 
desired an outlet on the Baltic sea, and entered into a coalition 
with Poland and Denmark, to dismember Sweden. Charles XII. 
was more than successful against Peter at first, but the Eus- 
sians learned lessons from his defeats, and finally succeeded in 
routing the Swedes at Pultowa, and raised Eussia from a fourth 



HISTORY. Ill 

rate to first rate power. He died in 1725, and was succeeded 
by his wife, Catherine I. 

170. Catherine II. of Eussia attempts to secure Poland, but 
Austria and Prussia interfered and they agreed to divide it 
into thirds. This was done in 1772. The Poles under Kos- 
ciusko struggled fiercely but were beaten by overwhelming odds, 
and the most disgraceful act ever perpetrated in the annals of 
history was committed by the greedy trio. 

171. Leo X., Gregory XIII. and Pius IX, Leo XIII. 

172. His grand-father, the elector of Brandenburg was 
humored by the Emperor, and crowned as King of Prussia. 
Frederick the Great came to the throne in 1740, and having 
an inherent genius for war, he entered the "War of the Aus- 
trian Succession/^ and the "Seven Years War" — 1756-63, and 
by so doing he placed Prussia among the leading powers of 
Europe. 

173. In 1740, Maria Theresa became heir to the Austrian 
throne by the "Pragmatic Sanction" arranged by her father, 
but other claims caused Prussia, France and Spain to war 
against Great Britain and Holland. The treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle in 1748 closed the war and left Frederick in posses- 
sion of Silesia. 

174. Henry of Navarre, as Henry IV., was the first Bour- 
bon. Louis XVI. the last one in successive order, was be- 
headed in 1793. Louis XVIII. "tackled" the throne two or 
three times, but Napoleon I. interfered with his regal robes, as 
did Napoleon III. with another Kingdom. The Last Bourbon 
on the throne was Charles X. — 1824-30. The Bourbons like 
the Stuarts of England, believed in the "Divine Eight of Kings" 
and were obstinate and cruel at times. The Eevolution of 1830 
placed Louis Phillippe on the throne and since that time no 
Bourbon has applied for the situation. 

175. He had three things to accomplish, viz: to destroy the 
Huguenots; subdue the nobles; and humble the House of Haps- 
burg or Austria. Under his regime, Louis XIII. became the 
"first man in Europe," though he was only the "second man in 
France." 



112 • THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

176. He was noted for his false ideas of glory, his independ- 
ence of ministers and reckless extravagance. 

177. Louis XIV. became his own prime minister, and was 
sole master of France for fifty years. 

178. The King of Spain, Charles II., had willed his domin- 
ions to the grandson of Louis XIV., who accepted the crown in 
his (grand-son's) behalf. Other countries feared that the union 
of two such powerful nations would endanger Europe, so Eng- 
land, Holland and Austria formed a Grand Alliance to prevent 
it. They espoused the cause of Archduke Charles of Austria, 
but in the midst of the war, he became Emperor of Germany, 
so now they feared one as much as the other. The Treaties of 
Utrecht and Eastadt in 1714 closed the war, after twelve years 
of fighting by which nothing was gained or lost in principle. 

179. P. 62 Eymer's Outlines. 

1. With Flanders— 1667-68. Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle. 

TT7..-, XX ^^ -. ^^^o (1- Triple Alliance. 

2. With Holland— 16 i 2 . . -j .^^ rj.^,^^^^ Nimeguen. 

_ ^ . o,^ ,^,^ ( 1- Holy Alliance. 

3*. Of the^Palatmate— 1688-97 -j 2. Peace Ryswick. 

^^. . . U- Treaty of Utrecht. 
4t. Spanish Succession— 1701-14 j ^ Eadstadt. 

180. She lost Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson's 
Bay in America, and all she had claimed of the Spanish Neth- 
erlands. 

181. See P. 67 Eymer's Outlines. 

1. Excessive Extravagance. 

2. Excessive Taxes on the Peasants. 

3. Burdensome Privileges of the Nobility. 

4. Growing Feeling of the People. 

5. The Influence of the American Eevolution. 

f ]. Voltaire. 
I 2. Eousseau. 

6. The Writings of -{ 3. Corneille. 

I 4. Eaynal. 
[^ 5. Heloctius. 

182. Jacobins, Cordeliers, Girondists, Eoyalists and Ter- 
rorists. 



HISTORY. 113 

18;:^/. Danton, Marat and Eobespierre. 

184. Pichegru, Hoche, Jourdan, Moreau and Dumouriez. 

185. That period from June 2, 1793 to July 28, 1794. 

186. The Queen fled to England, but the little son Louis 
XVII. died after two years suffering in prison. Eomance has 
pictured him as coming to America. 

187. He was born on the island of Corsica in 1769, and 
attended a military school at Brienne, in France, when he was 
only ten years old. He was resolute, quarrelsome and gloomy, 
but proud, a genius and a favorite with his teachers. He en- 
tered the army as a lieutenant and first distinguished himself 
at the siege of Toulon. He married Josephine, widow of Beau- 
harnais, who was executed, and obtained command of the army 
of Italy in 1796. He was successful in this campaign and af- 
terwards defeated Austria. All Europe soon trembled at his 
power, for monarchies crumbled and Kings tumbled at his com- 
mand. Victories succeeded each other, thick and fast, until all 
Europe met him at Leipsic in 1813, where he was defeated and 
banished to the island of Elba. He escaped the guards, and in 
one hundred days from time of his banishment, was back again, 
and met the allied armies under Wellington at Waterloo in 
1815, but was beaten only because his marshal Grouchy failed 
to appear on the scene of action. He was again banished to an 
island — St. Helena — where he died in 1821. Had he not made 
some flagrant mistakes, the map of Europe might today present 
different boundary lines to our vision. 

188. He was a nephew of Napoleon I. and by means of a 
revolution, he became the chief officer of the second republic, 
which being changed to a monarchy made him King — 1848-71. 

189. Alexander I., Czar of Eussia, proposed to the five great 
powers of Eussia, Austria, Prussia, France and Great Britain 
that they "Eemain united in true brotherly love; govern their 
subjects as parents; and maintain religion, peace and justice." 
This was nice, but a spirit of Liberalism as opposed to Absolut- 
ism, under despotic monarchs, arose and led to the* revolutions 
of 1848. 

190. It occurred in 1823 and lasted until 1830. The Greeks 



114 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

became independent of Turkey, and a Prince of Denmark was 
placed on the throne. 

191. The Italians rebel against Austria. 2 The Hungarians 
led by Kossuth revolt. 3. The Duchies of Schleswig and Hol- 
stein rebel against Denmark. 4. The Eevolution in France. 5. 
The Chartists in England. 6. The Eevolution in Germany. 

192. (a.) The war of Austria with Trance, Eussia, Saxony^ 
Sweden and Poland as allies against Prussia to recover Silesia. 
England alone aided Prussia — 1756-1763. (b.) It was Prus- 
sia and Italy against Austria, this time, and Austria was de- 
feated and shut out of the German Empire — 1866. (c.) The war 
of Prussia and other German states against France in 1870- 
1871, in which France was defeated, and the King of Prussia 
became Emperor of Germany. 

193. France desired to perpetutate German divisions, and 
Napoleon III. imagined himself a second Bonaparte, and the 
French shouted "on to Berlin." The Battles of Weissenburg, 
Worth, Courcelles, Thionville and G ravel otte were all German 
victories, and Napoleon surrendered 80,000 men at Sedan, and 
his general. Marshal Bazaine, 180,000 at Metz. Thus France, 
which held Europe in awe, under one Napoleon for 197 months, 
lay at the mercy of one nation under another Napoleon, in 
seven months. 

194. 1. The Pope ceases to be a temporal prince, because 
the states of the Church were added to Italy — 1878. 2. Turkey 
grants religious toleration in 1878. 3. Wilhelmina, the child 
queen, succeeds her father William III. as ruler of the Nether- 
lands — 1890. 4. *Alexander II. of Eussia is assassinated in 
1881. 5. The Edict of 1890 against the Jews. 6. The Famine 
of 1890-92. 7. Japan becomes a Constitutional Monarchy — 
1889. 8. China and Japan war with each other — 1895. 9. The 
Eusso-Turkish war of 1879. 10. The Graeco-Turkish War of 
1897. 11. Italian and Abyssinian affairs. — 1897. 12. Ee- 
bellion of Cuba and Philippines.— 1897-1898. 13. War be- 
tween United States and Spain. — 1898. 14. Death of Hon. 
W. E. Gladstone. — 1898. 15. European intervention in the 
Orient.— 1898. 16. Dewey's victory at Manila.— 1898. 



*The same year Garfield was assassinated. 



HISTORY. 115 

II. England. 

195. The wars with Francis I. and Charles V. The breach 
with the Catholic Church, and domestic troubles. 

f 1. Catharine of Aragon. 

I 2. Anne Boleyn. 

196. See p. 60 Rymer's Out- J 3. Jane Seymour, 
lines on General History. ] 4. Anne of Cleves. 

I 5. Catharine Howard 
' L 6. Catharine Parr. 

197. He was full of whims, obstinate and extremely cruel 
and ungenerous. 

198 Cardinal Wolsley, his prime minister, was authorized 
to procure a divorce for him from Catharine — No. 1 — so he 
could marry Anne Boleyn, but the King, suspecting his fidelity, 
because the matter was delayed, had him arrested for treason. 
He died while on his way to prison, broken-hearted. 

199. Edward VI. in 1547. 

200. The Duke of Somerset became regent for Edward VI., 
who was only ten years old. The Duke of Northumberland 
an arch-enemy to Somerset persuaded the King to have him 
executed and set aside his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, 
and let his cousin receive the crown. 

201. This cousin to the Duke was Lady Jane Grey, a beauti- 
ful and accomplished girl, who was proclaimed Queen against 
her wishes, and she and Lord Dudley, her husband, were im- 
prisoned and executed for treason. 

202. She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and Catharine of 
Aragon, and married her cousin, Philip 11. of Spain. 

203. 1. The defeat of the Invincible Armada.— 1588. 2. 
The Independence of Holland. 3. Re-establishment of Pro- 
testantism. 4. Increase of Commerce. 5. Her numerous Fa- 
vorites. 6. The "Augustan Age" of Literature for the En- 
glish. 7. Drake sails around the Globe. 8. Hawkins traces the 
coast of Guinea. 9. Formation of the East India Company. 
10. Colonization attempted by Ealeigh in Va. 

204. He was one of Queen Elizabeth's favorites, and made 
the first attempt to colonize Virginia. He introduced smoking 
into England, and potatoes into Ireland. He seems to have in- 



116 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

curred the displeasure of the Sovereign, and was imprisoned 
for thirteen years, during which time he wrote a "History of 
the World/' King James I. released him and sent him to S. A. 
for gold, but Ealeigh found none, so he was vexed, and had him 
beheaded. 

205. It was weak and effeminate. He courted favors of 
Spain, refused to help his son-in-law, the Elector-Palatine of 
Germany, when England clamored for war, and Great Britain 
for a period ceased to be the leading nation on the continent. 

206. This was said of James I. of England. 

207. Sully, the great French statesman. 

208. The King attempted to establish absolutism as it was 
in France, and in 1628, Parliament wrested from him the Peti- 
tion of Eight, which curtailed the sovereign's power. Charles 
disregarded all his promises and for eleven years ruled like 
Louis XI. No parliament had been convoked, and when the 
Scotch invaded England the King had to succumb and call a 
parliament. This was his "Waterloo," for the parliament brought 
his famous advisers to the block, and even the proud Charles 
himself mounted the scaffold in 1649. 

209. [a] Hampden was the first parliamentarian general 
and a cousin to Oliver Cromwell, [b] Stafford and Laud were 
advisers of Charles L, and were executed by parliament for their 
cruel punishments. 

210. The adherents of the King's cause were called cavaliers, 
and those who advocated the cause of Parliament were called 
Roundheads. 

211. Four years— 1642-46. 

212. He was beheaded in 1649, as a result of his defeat by 
parliament. 

213. Oliver Cromwell, who was styled the Protectorate of 
the Commonwealth. 

214. He belonged to that sturdy independent party of the 
Puritans or Eoundheads, and trained his army after his own 
plan. Besides training his "Ironsides," he organized parliament 
in 1653. He had beaten the King's forces, and made himself 
master of England. His reign caused England to be respected 
and honored abroad, but it was not popular at home. He died 



HISTORY. 117 

in 1659 on the anniversary of his famous battles of Dunbar and 
Worcester. 

215. [a] The Parliament which Charles I. called together 
sat for thirteen years — 1640-53, and was really not dissolved for 
twenty years, 1660. [b] The Parliament which Charles I. 
called in order to get "ship-money." It met April 13, 1640, and 
only sat two days, being dissolved by the King. 

216. It occurred in 1660 when Eichard, the son of Oliver 
Cromwell, resigned the Protectorate, and General Monk of 
Scotland marched to London, and under his protection the 
"Long Parliament," discharged by Cromwell, met. and issued 
writs of election for a new one, and dissolved itself. The new 
parliament met and proclaimed Charles II. King. 

217. Some of the Catholics being much persecuted under 
James I.^s reign, headed by Guy Fawkcs, hid thirty-six barrels 
of gunpowder beneath fagots of fire-wood, and it was supposed 
that they intended to blow up parliament. A discovery was made 
in time to avert the calamity. — 1605. 

218. (a) Eoyalists and Parliamentarians; (b) Tories and 
Whigs ; Conservatives and Liberals. 

219. It was translated in 1611 in the reign of James I. 

220. *Upon the death of James II., 1688, his son, James 
III., desired the crown and was styled the "Old Pretender," 
and this son's son — Charles III. — was termed "Young Pre- 
tender." 

221. Because of the fact that the "Eevolution of 1688-9" 
brought William of Orange, who had married Mary, a daughter 
of James 11. to the throne. She was older than young James 
and they changed the law of succession so it would put a Pro- 
testant on the throne. In 1745, the "Young Pretender" was 
defeated at Culloden Moor, and the Stuarts were never heard of 
again. 

222. After the French and Indian War in 1763, the English 
troops were stationed in America to protect Canada from again 
falling into the hands of the French. These troops were to be 
supported by the Americans and added to this was the great tax- 
ation placed upon the colonies by the mother country. The peo- 
ple south of Canada, under the leadership of Washington, as- 



118 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

sisted by tlie French, gained their independence, and became 
United States of America. The Treaty at Paris of 1783 closed 
the war and England acknowledged the country to be free. 

223. His brother William IV.— 1830-37. 

224. fl^ 1S54: Czar Nicholas of Eussia attempted to capture 
some Turkish territory on the pretext of aiding the Greek Chris- 
tians to obtain certain holy places in Jerusalem. England and 
France became allies of Turkey, and laid seige to Sebastopol in 
the Crimea. In the battles of Balaklava, and Inkerman, they 
worsted the Eussians so much that they begged for peace, re- 
linquishing all the territory conquered on the Danube. — 1856. 

*Eead Lochiel's Warning by Thomas Campbell. 
fEead Tennyson's "Charge of the Light Brigade." 

225. The native soldiers in the English service in India re- 
volted because their cartridges were greased, as this was an in- 
sult to their religion. The massacres of Delhi, Cawnpore and 
Lucknow followed. The English succeeded in quelling the 
mutiny in 1859, and the East India Company turned the af- 
fairs of government over to the Queen, who in 1876 took the 
title of "Empress of India." 

226. He was born in 1738, and was made Governor General 
of India. To meet the expenses of a war carried on against 
Hyder Ali, a Mohammedan warrior, in 1780, he expelled a rich 
native King of Benares from his dominion and confiscated his 
revenues. He afterwards resigned his office; was tried on the 
charge of malfeasance in office; acquitted at the trial; and 
granted a pension of $20,000 per year. He died in 1818. 

227. The famous orator Edmund Burke. 

228 It was colonized by English convicts in 1788 at Syd- 
ney. Gold was discovered in 1851, and immigration poured in 
rapidly .until there were soon eight colonies all subject to En- 
gland. Australia and the neighboring islands of New Zealand, 
Tasmania and the Fijis have all acknowledged Queen Victoria 
as their sovereign. They are now 3,388,000 square miles in 
extent and have a population of 3,500,000 souls. 

229. The ^'Impressment of American Seamen," and the 
"Eight of Search" to get them as practiced by the English, 
French Jealousies. 



HISTORY. 119 

230. See p. 72. Eymers Outlines; also Ans. 194. 
231- William E. Gladstone. 

232. 1837. 

233. Joseph Chamberlain. 

234. "No power can exterminate the seeds of liberty when 
generated in the blood of brave men." 

235. Eef erring to the close of the "Napoleonic Wars/' 
France ceded to England the Batavian Eepublie which she se- 
cured from Holland and which included Cape Colony. The 
English gave them better government^ but when the}^ ordered 
the slaves freed, the Dutch objected and "trekhed" or removed 
from time to time until they met obstacles because of other set- 
tlements and with the natives. They finally organized the 
"Transvaal Eepublic/' with Pretorius as President and 0. P. 
Kruger as Secretary, but unable to prevent trouble with the 
natives and being in debt they appealed to England for protec- 
tion. Great Britain took them in charge, kept off the natives, 
paid their debts and at request of many natives annexed the ter- 
ritory. This the Boers resisted, but the war resulted in En- 
glish supremacy. 

236 The dispute between Italy and other nations and Vene- 
zuela. 

237. Consult files of W. Va. School Journal. Lack of space 
forbids treatment here. 



HISTOEY (Questions.) 

1. When and by whom was America discovered? 

2. When and by whom was the St. Lawrence discovered? 

3. When and where was the first settlement made in N. A. ? 
U. S.? 

4. Give in respective order the first English, Spanish, French 
and Dutch settlements in the U. S. 

5. Who was Capt. John Smith ? 

6. Associate early settlements with the names of the follow- 
ing vessels: Mayflower, Albemarle, Anne, Susan Constant, Ark 
and Dove. 



120 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

7. Who discovered the Pacific Ocean? Mississippi Eiver? 
Florida? Lake Champlain? Hudson Eiver? California? 

8. Give date of the above discoveries. 

9. Tell of the Indian massacre of 1622 and 1644. 

10. What tribe of Indians was destroyed in a single day? 

11. What was the Salem Witchcraft, and when did it occur? 

12. Tell of the "Negro Plot.'' 

13. What particular episode can you mention that occurred 
in the life of Governor Endicott ? 

14. Give dates, causes, principal battles of the Inter-Colon- 
ial wars. 

15. Describe the battle of Quebec? 

16. Who was governor of Virginia in 1753? of Canada? 

17. Whom did the governor of Virginia send on a mission 
to Canada in the winter of 1753 ? 

18. What was the Albany convention? When did it meet? 

19. Give an account of the stamp act. 

20. How did the Americans regard it? When and where did 
the first Congress meet? 

21. Describe clearly the occasion and place of the first battle. 

22. What can you say of the Continental Congress of Phila- 
delphia ? 

23. Who was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Ameri- 
can forces? When? 

24. What took place at Boston on the 17th of March? 

25. Who wrote Paul Eevere's Eide? On what historical 
fact is the poem based? 

26. Who wrote Evangeline? Wliat historical connection 
has this poem? 

27. What is the birthplace of American Independence? 

28. What was the most disastrous defeat of the war? 

29. On what occasion did a fog save an entire army? 

30. What did Washington do on Dec. 26, 1776? 

31. What noble foreigner arrived here in the winter of 
1776-77? 

32. What other foreigners of prominence lent their assist- 
ance to the American cause? 



HISTORY. 121 

33. Eelate the British successes in Pennsylvania. 

34. What famous remark was made by General Stark at the 
battle of Bennington? 

35. Tell of the stratagem at Fort St. Leger. 

36. Describe the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. 

37. What can you say of the Eider of the Black Horse? 

38. In what T\ay did Sir Edward Creasy regard this battle? 

39. What important event followed this battle? 

40. Give an account of Monmouth. 

41. Tell the story of Molly Pitcher. 

42. Eelate an anecdote in connection with the capture of 
Charleston, S. C. 

43. What were the results of the battles of Eutaw Springs 
and Camden? Where was Gates found? 

44. What did Cornwallis threaten to do to the "Boy Gen- 
eral ?^^ 

45. Describe the seige of Yorktown. 

46. What tune did the Americans play at the surrender? 

47. By what treaty did Great Britain acknowledge the in- 
dependence of U. S. ? 

48. Name the principal provisions of this treaty. 

49. What did Lord Byron say of Geo. Washington? What 
prominent general of Europe sent him a sword, and what re- 
marks were used by the donor? 

50. Who wrote the Constitution of the U. S. ? 

51. Name Washington's cabinet. 

52. Give the causes of the war of 1812. 

53. Name the sovereigns of England, France, Spain, and 
Germany at this time. 

54. Who was the Prime Minister of England? 

55. Explain the meaning of "Fifty-four, forty or fight.'^ 

56. In what instance did both armies attempt to surprise 
each other? What Avas the result? 

57. How did France treat us at the time the treaty was 
signed ? 

58. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 

59. When was the Constitution of the U. S. adopted? 



122 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

60. Who was the fourth president ? Give dates of his ad- 
ministration. 

61. How did the war of 1812 open? 
62 AVhat were the Honry letters? 
63. Who was "Citizen Genet?" 

64:. Name four American and four British goieraU wlio 
served in the war of 1812. 

65. Name four principal land engagements, four naval bat- 
tles, giving results of each. 

66. What was the Hartford convention? 

67. Where was the treaty of peace made and what were its 
terms ? 

68. What is peculiar about the battle of New Orleans? 

69. Who was the leader of the nullification party in South 
Carolina in 1832? 

70. What was the result of this effort? 

71. Give a history of the National Bank. 

72. Who discovered Texas? 

73. What led to the independence of Texas? 

74. Give an account of the massacre at Goliad. 

75. What led to the war with Mexico? 

76. Name five American and four Mexican commanders. 

77. What was the American plan of campaign in this war? 

78. Who commanded Americans in the battles of Buena 
Vista, Molino del Key, Vera Cruz and the attack on Mexico? 

79. In what result did the Mexican war resemble the recent 
war with Spain? 

80. What treaty closed this war? Give terms. 

81. What were the causes of the Eebellion or Civil war? 

82. When did each of the following states secede: S. C, 
Miss., Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Tennes- 
see, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia? 

83. What was peculiar about the attack on Fort Sumpter? 

84. How many volunteers were asked for by the president? 
When? 

85. Who fired the first shot? 



HISTORY. 123 

86. When and where was the first blood shed in the Civil 
war? • 

87. When had the Confederates seized the U. S. forts? 

88. Eelate the events of the first battle of Bull Run. 

89. Wlien and by whom was Fort Hatteras captured? New 
Orleans ? 

90. At what engagement was Gen. Lyon killed? 

91. What was the "Mason-Slidell affair?" 

92. What was meant by the term "Contraband of war?'^ 
Who is its author? 

93. Who invented the Monitor? Tell effect of the engage- 
ment with the Merrimac. 

94. Relate another naval engagement of this war. 

95. Who was successful in the battle of Pea Ridge? Big 
Bethel ? 

96. Who captured forts Henry and Donelson? 

97. When did the Union forces occupy Nashville, Tenn. ? 

98. What kind of a game did Bragg and Buell play in Ky. ? 

99. What can you say of the attack on Island No. 10? 

100. Give results of battles of Winchester, Yorktown, Fred- 
ericksburg, Strasburg. 

101. Describe battle of Pittsburg Landing. 

102. State events of seige of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 

103. What caused and followed the evacuation of Corinth? 

104. Tell of the Seven days battle. 

105. Give commanders and results of the battles of Fair 
Oaks and White Oak Swamp. 

106. Who was called the Rock of Chickamaugua ? Why? 

107. Why was Gen. T. J. Jackson given the pseudonym of 
"Stonewall Jackson ?" 

108. Who shot J. Wilkes Booth? 

109. When did the bill to abolish slavery pass Congress? 

110. When did Lincoln issue his Emancipation Proclama- 
tion ? 

111. What country was most friendly with the U. S. during 
the Civil War? 



124 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

112. Describe the battle of Chancellorsville. State two par- 
ticular features of same. 

113. What was the decisive battle of the war? Name com- 
manders, number of troops engaged, and results. 

114. Where was the largest number of troops surrendered 
that ever occurred in America ? Who were the opposing generals? 

115. What were the "Draft Riots?"' 

116. What raids were most prominent? 

117. Give commanders and results of battles of Lookout 
Mountain, Wilderness, Missionary Eidge. 

118. What kind of a campaign was agreed upon by Grant' 
and Sherman? 

119. What was Grant's famous remark in the Wilderness? 

120. Tell about the Petersburg Mine disaster. 

121. In what battle did the reinforcement of but one man 
turn defeat into victory? 

122. Briefly describe Sherman's march to the sea. 

123. Give events connected with the fall of Richmond. 

124. What were dates and number surrendered by Lee and 
Johnson to Grant and Sherman? 

125. How many and what persons were executed for the 
assassination of Lincoln ? When and how did it take place ? 

126. What three Amendments to the Constitution were add- 
ed as a result of the Civil war? 

127. Who is to blame for failure to find President Johnson 
guilty on charge of impeachment? 

128. Why was he impeached? 

129. Topic— Atlantic Cable. 

130. Who were the "Carpet Baggers?" "Scalawags?" 

131. When, from whom and for what amount did we pur- 
chase Alaska? 

132. When was the U. S. debt highest ? lowest ? 

133. When was the Union Pacific Railroad completed? 

134. What were the Alabama claims? 

135. How many and what exhibitions have we had in this 
country ? 

136. What was the "Electoral Commission?" What did it 
decide ? 



HISTORY. 125 

137. Who was Captain Eads and what did he do of note? 

138. When were greenbacks lowest? When did "Eesnmption 
of Specie Payments" occur? 

139. What was the "Bland Silver Bill?" 

140. For what is the year 1877 memorable? 

141. When were each of our martyr presidents killed? Who 
were the assassins ? What were their excuses ? 

142. Why was the Civil Service Eeform Act of 1883 passed 
by Congress? 

143. East River Suspension Bridge — topic. 

144. Explain the meaning of ^^lack list/' "boycott," "dun." 

145. Who and what were the "Mugwumps?" 

146. What was peculiar about Cleveland's inauguration? 

147. Who were the "Haymarketers ?" What was done with 
them? 

148. Who presented us with the "Statue of Liberty?" When? 
Where is it? 

149. When was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed? 

150. What president wore "His Grandfather's hat?" When 
was he elected? By whom defeated? 

151. Name the principal events of Harrison's administra- 
tion. 

152. When was the Australian ballot system introduced into 
theU. S.? 

153. Who were the Populists? What were their demands? 

154. What was the "Force Bill?" 

155. What was accomplished by the Behring Sea Commis- 
sion? 

156. What was Coxey's army? Its object? Eesult? 

157. What Revenue bills have become laws since 1888? 

158. Venezuela Question — topic. 

159. Who was Queen Lillioukalani ? What became of her 
kingdom ? 

160. Who were the "Gold Democrats?" The "Lilly Whites?" 

161. What was the "Virginius Affair?" 

162. What is meant by the "Grandfather clause" as applied 
to certain remodeled state constitutions? 

163. Who were the "Filibusters ?" 



126 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

164. Give causes of the Spanish- American war. 

165. Give commanders and name results of the most im- 
portant engagements. 

166. Who were the "Eough Eiders?" 

167. What new territory was added to the U. S. as a result 
of the Spanish- American war? 

168. What is the Eed Cross Society? When was it organ- 
ized ? 

169. What is meant by the ^^Open door" in China? 

170. What is The Hague Tribunal? 

171. What efforts are being made toward an Isthmian Canal? 

172. What is the area and population of the U. S.? 

173. Name one event of each presidential administration. 

174. Name all the vice-presidents in regular order. 

175. What was the Presidential Succession Bill? 

176. Who captured Major Andre? 

177. What was the "Ograbme" act? 

178. What was the Continental System? 

179. What was the first steamship to cross the Atlantic? 
When? 

180. How many wars have we had with the Barbary States? 
When did they occur? 

181. Who is the author of "To the victors belong the spoils?" 

182. Who wrote the "Common Sense" pamphlet? Why? 
When? 

183. Give a brief account of the three attacks against the 
Miami Indians. 

184. Tell briefly of the first and second Seminole wars. 

185. Who was Black Hawk? Osceola? Sitting Bull? 

186. (a.) Explain the rise of the Whig party; (b.) The 
Eepublican party. 

187. Who were the "Know Nothings?" 

188. Associate events with the following dates : 1575, 1675, 
1775, 1875; 1607, 1707, 1807; 1533, 1633, 1733, 1833; 1626, 
1676, 1826, 1876. 

189. What idea is derived from the foregoing question? 

190. Who wrote "Gertrude of Wyoming?" What connec- 
tion has the poem with IJ. S. history? 



HISTORY. 127 

191. What battle was won without the firing of a single gun? 

192. Who was Captain Gray? Captain Sutter? For what 
is each noted? 

193. Who designed the American flag? How many stripes 
were on the flag in 18*12? 

194. In what battle were members of British parliament 
captured ? 

195. What was "John Brown's Eaid?" 

196. Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin?" "Coin's Financial 
School?" 

197. Name five American orators, five historians, five novel- 
ists, five poets, five philosophers. 

198. Name fifteen greatest American generals. 

199. Associate names with the following pseudonyms: Old 
Hickory, Eough and Ready, Lief, the Lucky, Honest Abe, Light- 
foot Harry, Old Man Eloquent, Mad Anthony, Little Phil, 
Little Giant. 

200. What man lacked but one vote of becoming president 
was afterward doomed to a felon's cell? 

201. Of whom was it said, "If his heart was turned inside 
out not a spot or blemish could be found upon it?" 

202. "I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am tlie 
King of England is not rich enough to buy me." Who said it 
and when? 

203. What was "Clinton's wet ditch?" 

204. Name all the Commanders-in-chief of the x^merican 
army since George Washington. 

205. Who was Ann Hutchinson? 

206. Name an anecdote in the lives of Washington, Jackson, 
Grant, Eoosevelt. 

207. What vice-presidents have become presidents? State 
the manner in which they came to assume the duties of presi- 
dent. 

208. Who wrote our National hymns? 

209. When was the first U. S. flag used at sea? 

210. What is our National flower? 



128 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

U. S. HISTOEY. (Answers.) 

1. Christopher Columbus in 1492. 

2. Jacques Cartier 1535. 

3. Panama 1510; St. Augustine 1565. 

4. English at Jamestown 1607 ; French at Green Bay, Wis- 
consin 1669; Dutch, Bergen, New Jersey 1617; See No. 3 for 
Spanish. 

5. Leader and afterward president of the Virginia Colony. 

6. Mayflower, Plymouth; Susan Constant. Jamestown; Ark 
and Dove, St. Marys; Albemarle, Ealeigh; Anne, Savannah. 

7. Balboa. DeSoto. Ponce de Leon. Samuel Champlain. 
Henry Hudson. Cortez. 

8. 1513, 1541, 1512, 1609, 1537. 

9. Opechancanough brother of Powhatan attempted to mur- 
der all the whites in Virginia in 1622. The Indians in same 
state attempted this again in 1644- Warnings of friendly In- 
dians put the colonists on guard and the Indians' knowledge of 
fire arms was limited. 

10. Pequots in 1637. 

11. Sc^me young people met at a minister's to study "The 
Black Art" when they became affected with a nervous twitching 
of the muscles and an old Indian servant, Tituba, was accused of 
bewitching them. The disease spread until the people became 
frantic, killing victims to make them confess guilt. 1692. 

12. It was supposed the negroes had planrjcd i;o burn New 
York City in 1741 and a number of innocent victims suffered 
punishment. 

13. He cut the cross out of the English flag with his sworcl, 
exhibiting his intolerance. 

14. Kinsr William^s War 1689-1697, caused bv revolution in 
England, Burning of Shenectady by French and Indians, 1690. 
Sir William Phips captures Port Eoyal, N. S. from the French. 
Queen Anne's War, 1701-1713, caused by dispute as to succession 
to the Spanish throne. Port Eoyal again captured, 1710; King 
George's War, 1744-1748. Disputed title to Austrian crown. 



{ 



HISTORY. 129 

Capture of Louisburg by colonists. French and Indian War, 
1755-1763. 

(1) Conflicting claims to lands in Ohio Valley. 

(2) Seven year's war in Germany. 
Attack on Louisburg. Capture of Quebec in 1759. 

15. Gen. Wolfe commanding 8,000 English surprised the 
French garrison at sunrise in Quebec killing 1,000 and capturing 
as many prisoners with a loss of 600. Both Wolfe and Montcalm, 
the French General, were killed. This ended the war with the 
English in possession of Canada. 

16. Geo. Dinwiddle. Marquis de Montcalm. 

17. George Washington. 

18. It was a meeting of the New England colonies to form a 
confederation for amity, offence and defence, 1643. 

19. It was an enactment of the British parliament of 1765 
providing for revenue by a general stamp duty throughout the 
colonies. The colonists passed resolutions against it ; adddressed 
petitions and memorials to the King upon it; so it was repealed 
in less than six months from its passage. 

20. They regard it as an abridgment of, or infringement 
upon their liberties. In Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1774. 

21. The colonists had quietly stored some supplies at Con- 
cord, Mass., 18 miles from Boston. Gen. Gage, on April 19, 
1775 sent Major Pitcairn with 800 soldiers to destroy them. 
They met 70 armed colonists at Lexington, but this number kept 
increasing until the reception was so warm at Concord that the 
British were compelled to retreat. 

22. It was composed of some of the brainiest men the world 
has ever witnessed, yet it assumed almost unlimited authority. 

23. George Washington, May 10, 1775. 

24. The British were compelled to evacuate the town. 

25. Henry W. Longfellow. See 21. 

26. The same author. The exile of the Acadian peasants at 
the close of the French and Indian war. 

27. Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass. 

28. For the American cause it was "White Plains" — other- 
wise "Saratoga. 



130 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

29. When Washington aided Sullivan in eluding the British 
who would have captured him and his army after the battle of 
Long Island. 

30. Surprised the Hessians at Princeton, capturing a number 
of prisoners, cannon, etc. 

31. Marquis de LaFayette. 

32. Baron de Kalb, Baron von Steuben, Count Pulaski, Count 
de Grasse, Count Eochambeau. 

33. They defeated the Americans at Brandywine Sept. 11, 
1777; captured Philadelphia on 27; defeated Americans at 
Germantown a few days later ; held Philadelphia until June 18, 
1778. 

34. "We conquer to-day or to-night, Molly Stark's a widow.'' 

35. Col. St. Leger commanding a British force in the St. 
Lawrence Valley had defeated Gen. Herkimer when Gen. Bene- 
dict Arnold was sent to the latter's relief. His force being much 
smaller than St. Leger's he sent spies to their fort representing 
that the reinforcements of the Americans were as numerous as 
the leaves on the trees. The British retreated leaving every- 
thing. 

36. On Sept. 19, Burgoyne commanding a British army of 
about 10,000 men met the American army under Gen. Horatio 
Gates. Each side lost about 600 men, the Americans purposely 
falling back. After this battle the Indians kept deserting Bur- 
goyne while the Americans gradually surrounded his army so on 
Oct. 7, he made a desperate effort at the battle of Saratoga to es- 
cape. Arnold and Morgan proved too much for him and the 
furious charges of the Americans crushed his hopes. He sur- 
rendered on Oct. 17. 

37. He was Benedict Arnold whose best fighting was for the 
Americans. When he turned traitor his successes were of less oc- 
currence. 

38. Although an English historian, he regarded this as one 
of the "Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World." 

39. The alliance with France and her acknowledgment of 
our independence. 

40. When the British left Philadelphia for New York, Wash- 



HISTORY. 131 

ington overtook them at Monmoiith, New Jersey and would have 
gained a decisive victory but for the insubordination of Gen. 
Lee. As it was when Washington came up and rallied the men 
the fight lasted all day, enemy retiring at night. 

41. In this battle an artilleryman named Hayes was killed. 
His wife, Mary, who was carrying him water took his place at 
the cannon and .with great skill and courage performed his duties. 
She was named "Molly Pitcher/' voted a sergeant's coonmission, 
and half pay for life. 

42. The British Admiral, Sir Peter Parker, thinking the ves- 
sels might be in shallow water asked one of the negroes how 
much water they had, when the reply came, "Massa whar's I 
gwine to git a quart pot to measure him" ? 

43. The British were defeated, losing 1,100 and retiring to 
Charleston. In the battle of Camden both armies attempted to 
surprise each other at midnight, but the British were victorious. 
Gates was found, alone, 80 miles in the rear after the battle. 

44. He said he would capture the "Boy General." 

45. After having been driven out of the Carolinas, Corn- 
wallis moved northward to join forces with Sir Henry Clinton in 
New York. Being cut off he fortified Yorktown, Ya. Washing- 
ton raised the siege at New York, slipped down, joined forces 
with LaPayette, and Count DeGrasse (who commanded the 
fleet). The allied armies bombarded the British general until 
Oct. 19, 1781, when he surrendered which virtually closed the 
war. 

46. "The World's Upside Down." 

47. Paris, 1783. 

48. (1) The boundary of the U. S. on the West was the 
Mississippi. (3) Spain got Florida from Great Britain. 

49. "The first the last, the best 

The Cincinnatus of the West." 
Frederick the Great. "From the oldest general to the greatest 
general." 

50. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison were the au- 
thors of most of it, although Wm. Jackson, Secretary of the Con- 
vention wrote or copied it in full. 



132 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

51. Thos. Jefferson, Sec. of State. 
Alex. Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury. 
Henry Knox, Sec. of War. 

Edmund Eandolph, Attorney General. I 

52. Impressment of American seaman. 
Inciting Indians to fight us. 

The Henry letters. 

53. Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France; George III, 
King of England; Ferdinand VII, King of Spain; Francis II, 
Emperor of Germany. 

54. William Pitt. 

55. In a controversy between this country and Great Britain 
over the boundary of Oregon, C. C. Pinckney, our representative, 
meaning that he should contend for the Northern limit to be 54° 
40' instead of 44°, 40', made this statement. 

^C). Battle of Camden. See 43. 

57. She was in favor of our Western boundary being con- 
fined to the Alleghanies and Ohio Eiver. This was a surprise to 
us. We got better terms from England. 

58. They held the states together very loosely, as no law was 
really binding upon any state should it choose to disobey it. 

59. Practically in 1789, March 4. 

60. James Madison, 1809-1817. 

Gl. With Hull's disgraceful surrender at Detroit. 

G2. They were letters written by a man named Henry urging 
the annexation of New England to Canada. President Madison 
paid $50,000 for the package which proved Henry a fraud. 

63. The representative of the New French Eepublic, under 
control of the Mountain! sts, who defied President Washington's 
order of neutrality. 

64. Answers may differ : Americans : Winfield Scott, Henry 
Dearborn, W. H. Harrison and Andrew Jackson; British: 
Brock, George Prescot, Eiall, Edward Packenham. 

65. Queenstown Heights, British successful, 
Thames, Americans successful, 
Lunday's Lane, Americans successful. 
New Orleans, Americans successful. 



HISTORY. 133 

Constitution and Gnereirre, successful. 

United States and Macedonia, successful. 

Chesapeake and Shannon, British, successful. 

Battle on Lake Erie, Americans victorious. 
6G. Some delegates from the legislatures of the New England 
states met Dec. 15, 1814, and passed resolutions denouncing the 
war policy of the administration and recommending amendments 
to the constitution. 

67. Dec. 24, 1814, at Ghent, Belgium. It was merel}^ a com- 
mercial treaty. 

68. It was fought after the treaty of peace had heen signed. 
Every British general in the fight was placed hors de combat. 

69. John C. Calhoun. 

70. President Jackson promptly took measures to quell the 
nullification riot, and Henry Clay came forward with a compro- 
mise tariff measure which settled all the trouhle. 

71. The first U. S. hank was estahlished hy Congress in 
1791 ; rechartered in 1816 for 20 years; at the expiration of this 
time Jackson refused to sign a hill to renew the right of the 
bank to continue business, and there was no IJ. S. bank for more 
than one year; rechartered in 1837; closed its doors because of 
cotton speculation in 1839 ; connected with the independent 
treasury system 1846 and 1847; in 1863 a number of new banks 
were created which gave security by depositing government 
bonds in the treasury. 

72. Eobert LaSalle. 

73. American settlements and their desire to make it a part 
of the U. S. 

74. At Goliad on the Alamo some Americans amcflig whom 
was David Crockett, were massacred by the Mexicans after they 
had surrendered. 

75. Independence of Texas and disputed boundary lines. 

76. Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Philip Kearney, John E. 
Wool, John C. Fremont; Santa Anna, Arista, LaVega and 
Ampudia. 

77. They had three objective points : 
(1) To conquer Cal., N. M. etc. 



134 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

(2) To occupy the disputed territory. 
(3) To capture Mexico and force a treaty. 

78. Taylor at Buena Vista, Gen. Scott at other places. 

79. The Americans won every battle. 

80. Gaudeloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. 

81. (a) Different constructions placed upon the constitu- 

tion. 

(b) Lack of intercourse between the sections. 

(c) Different systems of labor. 

(d) Publication of sectional literature. 

(e) Influence of demagogues. 

, 82. S. C. Dec. 20, 1860. The next six states by Feb. 1, 
1861- The four last named, in April and May, 1861. 

83. The disparity in numbers engaged; the 34 hours bom- 
bardment with no deaths; the fact that it proved to be just 4 
years to a day, before the U. S. flag went up here again. 

84. 75,000. April 12. 

85. Major Euffin of S. C. 

86. April 19, 1861. In Baltimore, 

87. A number of them were seized before Lincoln was in- 
augurated. 

88. McDowell and Patterson with the Union forces met 
Beaureguard and Johnson, Confederates, at Manassas Junction 
or Bull Eun on June 21. Unionists were at first successful, but 
Confederates being reinforced, they retreated to Washington. 

89. Commodore Stringham and Gen. B. F. Butler, Aug. 29, 
1861 ; Admiral David G. Farragut, Commodore Porter and 
Gen Butler April 25, 1862. 

90. Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. 

91. On Nov. 8, 1861, Captain Wilkes of the U. S. vessel 
San Jacinto stopped the British merchantman, Trent, bound 
from Havana to England and captured Jas. M. Mason and 
John Slidell, Confederate commissioners for Great Britian and 
France. These countries remonstrated and only through Sew- 
ard's diplomacy was war averted. 

92. It was Gen. Butler's term for holding or freeing negroes. 
His idea being that the law of war forbade the return of any- 



HISTORY. 135 

thing to the Confederates which they could use in prolonging 
the contest. 

93. Capt. John Ericsson. It bested the Merrimac which 
was partly iron-clad. This battle revolutionized battleships. 

94. The most destructive of Confederate cruisers, Alabama, 
commanded by Captain Eapheal Semmes encountered the Union 
frigate Kearsage, commanded by Captain Winslow, near Cher- 
bourg, France, June 19, 1864. The former had captured 6Q 
prizes in her short career but with her crew went to the bottom 
before the Kearsage. The friendly English yacht, Deerhound, 
picked them up. 

Answers might differ. 

95. The former was a drawn battle although two Confed- 
erate generals Mcintosh and McCulloch were killed. Confed- 
erates successful in the latter. 

96. Commodore Foote captured Henry; Grant and Foote 
took Donelson. 

97. February, 1862. 

98. "A game of see-saw," or series of fights and runs for 
position. 

99. After the Union victory at Shiloh, and a month of ob- 
stinate fighting, Foote took Island No. 10, which opened the 
Mississippi for 300 miles to the Unionists. 

100. Winchester and Yorktown were Union victories but 
Fredericksburg and Strasburg were Union losses. 

101. After the capture of Fort Donelson, U. S. Grant occu- 
pied Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing in Tenn. Here on April 6, 
1862, he was attacked by a superior force under A. S. John- 
ston. Johnston was killed. Grant so nearly beaten that his men 
prayed for night, or Buell one, to come. Buell came with 
Union reinforcements and Beaureguard was defeated the next 
day. 

102. Grant operated north of Vicksburg for three months 
trying to cut a canal without any effect in early part of 1863; 
Porter ran past batteries on night of April 16, Grant moved land 
forces to west bank and marched them down stream; Grand 
Gulf below was bombarded by the fleet April 29, unsuccess- 
fully; Port Gibson fell on 30; then the Confederates aban- 



136 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

doned Raymond, Grand Gulf and Jackson, Miss., in quick suc- 
cession before Grant's brilliant campaigning ; this prevented out- 
side aid; Pemberton, the Confederate commander, was defeated 
at Champion Hill, May 16; Grant won Black Ridge the next 
day; on 19 and 22 assaults on the town were repulsed; Grant 
then settled down to a seige; Pemberton being starved out, sur- 
rendered July 4; Gen. N. P. Banks captured Port Hudson from 
Gen. Gardener next day without much effort because of the 
news of Vicksburg having reached the Confederate commander. 

103. The success of the Unionists at Shiloh and Price and 
Van Dorn's unsuccessful attack on Rosecrans. 

104. This was a struggle between Lee and McClellan be- 
fore Richmond from June 25 to July 1, 1862. 

105. McClellan against Lee, the former advancing; same 
commanders McClellan falling back. 

106. Gen. George H. Thomas because his command stood 
firm at the battle of Chickamauga. 

107. Because Gen. Lee said, "There he stands like a stone- 
wall.'' 

108. Sergt. Boston Corbett. 

109. December, 1865. 

110. Jan. 1, 1863. 
Ill Russia. 

112. Lee with about 70,000 men attacked Hooker who had 
about 120,000 men; and caused the latter to retreat, three days 
later May 5, 1863. Union loss, 17,000; Confederate loss, 12,000, 
Jackson killed by his own men. Last battle in open field won 
by Confederates. 

113- Gettysburg, Meade and Lee. 90,000 and 80,000, re- 
spectively. The battle lasted 3 days, Lee retreating with a loss 
of 24,000. Union loss about the same. 

114. Vicksburg, July 3, 1863. U. S. Grant and J. B. Pem- 
berton. 

115. When Lincoln ordered drafts to recruit the Union 
army the armed resistance in New York produced what was 
known as "Draft Riots." 

,116. Morgan's, Stuart's, Quantrell's, Bank's and Sheridan's. 
117 Hooker and Bragg at Lookout Mountain and Mission- 



HISTORY. 137 

ary Ridge. Confederates defeated. Grant and Lee in The 
Wilderness; Grant's advance checked temporarily. 

118. "A hammering campaign." 

119. "I will fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." 

120. Burnside's blunder caused a number of Union troops 

to be needlessly sacrificed. 

121. Cedar Creek. 

122. He left Chattanooga on May 4, 186^1:, marching through 
a rough, mountainous country fighting battles with the enemy 
and destroying everything in a path of about 60 miles wide to 
Atlanta. 

123. Sheridan damaged Lee's right wing; Grant bombarded 
Petersburg; Parke, Ord and Humphreys break Confederate 
lines ; Lee notifies Pres. J. Davis, who was in church Sunday, 
April 2, of the imposing peril ; Davis leaves ; Lee's troops leave 
Richmond; and Gen. Wetzel goes in, hoisting Stars and Stripes 
on morning of April 3. 

124. April 9, 1865. 25,000; April 26, 1865, 30,000. 

125. Booth was shot. John Surrat, Mrs. Mary A. Surrat, 
Atzeroth, and Herrold were hanged on July 7, 1865. 

12^6. XIII, XIV and XV. 

127. Senator B. F. Wade, of Ohio, as he was Pres. pro tem. 
of the Senate, it would have made him President at that time. 

128. For violating the "Tenure of office Law" in dismissing 
Edwin M. Stanton as Secretary of War. 

129. First attempt was made in August, 1857, 350 miles 
were laid when it broke. 100 miles more would have completed 
it. Second attempt, June, 1859. Same vessels as before Ni- 
agara and Agamemnon made several trials succeeding at last in 
August 17, when there was great rejoicing and an ovation to Cy- 
rus W. Field which was premature because it did not work prop- 
erly. Third attempt by the Great Eastern July 1865, unsuc- 
cessful. Fourth attempt, Great Eastern left Valencia Bay, Ire- 
land July 1866 and without a single mishap laid out 1866 miles 
landing at Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 

130. This was a nickname given by the Southerners to ad- 
venturers from the Xorth, who went South to get offices just 



138 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

after the war. The "Scalawags" were the Southern people who 
aided or assisted the "Carpet baggers." 

131. The IJ. S. paid Russia $7,200,000 for Alaska, in 1867. 

132. In 1865 it was nearly three billions. There was no 
debt in Jackson's administration, 1833. 

133. May 10, 1869. 

134. Claims the U. S. had against Great Britian for fur- 
nishing the Confederates the "Alabama," which destroyed much 
commerce. The cause was arbitrated and U. S. awarded $15,- 
500,000 damages. 

135. World's Fair, New York, 1853. 
Centenial, Philadelphia, 1876. 
New Orleans' Exhibition, 1884. 
Columbian, Chicago, 1892. 
Pan American, Buffalo, 1900. 
World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904. 

136. It consisted of five members of the TJ. S. Senate, five 
members of the House of Eepresentatives, and five members of 
the Supreme Court who sat to decide the Hayes-Tilden contest 
for the presidency; that Hayes received 185 and Tilden 184 
electoral votes. 

137. He was the engineer who built the steel bridge at St. 
Louis across the Mississippi. In 1875-1879 he "deepened the 
mouth" of the river. 

138. In July 1864 when gold was $2.80. Jan. 1, 1879. 

139. Richard P. Bland ("Silver Dick") of Mo. introduced 
the bill which provided for coinage of a number of silver dollars 
weighing 4121/2 grains each and that they be used to pay debts 
by the government. ^It passed over Hayes' veto in 1878. 

140. Railroad and coal strikes; withdrawal of Union troops 
from the South. 

141. Lincoln, April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth — over- 
throw of the government. 

Garfield, July 2, 1881 by Charles J. Guiteau — because he 
could not get an office. 

McKinley, Sept. 6, 1900, by Leon F. Czolgolz — to keep the 
oath of anarchy. 



HISTORY. 139 

142. The assassination of Garfield by a disappointed office 
seeker led to this action, also the growing principle of fitness 
for office. 

143. The engineers were John A. Eoebling and his son, Wil- 
liam. Cost $15,000,000. Time 14 years. Length 1 1/4 miles. 
There are five avenues, two for cars, two for vehicles, one for 
pedestrians. 

144. The "Blacklist" was a list kept by employers of per- 
sons thought to be unreasonable. "Boycott" is derived from an 
English captain of that name who refused to have any dealings 
with people in his neighborhood. "Dun" is derived in the same 
manner except the man requested debtors to pay him. 

145. Eepublicans led by Carl Schurz who refused to support 
Blaine for president in 1884. 

146. He was the first Democratic president to hold office 
for a quarter of a century. 

147. While labor strikes were in progress in Chicago on May 
4, 1886 about 600 persons gathered in Haymarket square where 
they were being addressed by speakers, when some one threw a 
bomb which exploded killing seven policemen and wounding 
about fifty more. 

148. France, 1886. On Bedloe's Island in New York harbor. 

149. 1888. 

150. Benjamin Harrison, 1888. By Cleveland in 1892. 

151. Increase in size of navy; The Dependent Pension Act; 
Sherman Silver Purchase Act; McKinley Tariff Act; Opening 
of Oklahoma; Admission of six new states; Census report; 
Johnstown Flood ; Homestead Strike ; Extension of Civil Serv- 
ice; Pan American Congress. 

152. In Cleveland's second administration. 

153. A new political party declaring in favor of (1) the 
Union labor forces; (2) Government ownership of railroads, 
telegraphs, telephones, etc; (3) Free coinage of silver; (4) 
Prohibition of alien ownership of land; (5) Establishment of 
saving's banks. 

154. It was an act permitting the general government to 
order troops to be sent to quiet disturbance at elections. 



140 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

155. Their decision was that the sea must be left open but 
seals were to be protected. 

156. An army of idle people, headed by a horse-dealer named 
Coxey who went from Ohio to President Cleveland asking for 
work or food. They were 6,000. Nothing was accomplished 
and the army disbanded. 

157. McKinley Tariff; Wilson-Gorman Tariff, and Dinglev 
Bills. 

158. A dispute having arisen between Venezuela and Great 
Britian as to boundary line of British Guiana, President Cleve- 
land instructed Congress to appoint a commission to determine 
the line. This had the desired effect. It brought England to 
terms, for she at once made a treaty settling everything satis- 
factorily to Venezuela. 

159. The widow of King Kalakua of the Hawaiian Islands. 
It became a republic in 1889 and in ten years later was annexed 
to the U. S. 

160. Those Democrats who refused to support Bryan in 
1896, and nominated Palmer, of Illinois, for president. 

The "Lilly Whites" are white Eepublicans of the South who 
kept up a semblance of an organization only to be recognized 
with appointive officers. So called from Lilly leader of the 
faction in Louisiana. 

161. An American sailing vessel, Virginus, was seized by 
the Spanish war steamer Tornado Oct. 31, 1873, on the pre- 
tense that the former was violatiniii: neutralitv laws bv aiding 
the insurgents in Cuba. Secretary Fish succeeded in obtaining 
a return of the vessel and an apology from Spain. 

162. It is a clause in the new constitution amendments lim- 
iting the right of suffrage, permitting persons who were free, 
prior to 1860, the right to vote regardless of educational or 
other tests. 

163. Gen. Lopez commanding an expedition of 300 Ameri- 
cans landed in Cuba in 1860, defeated Cubans and Spaniards 
at first, captured the governor and plundered the mansion, but 
as the natives did not recruit his ranks; they returned to New 
Orleans where the General was arrested for violating U. S. laws. 



HISTORY. 141 

Col. William Walker made same kind of attack on Nicarauga 
in 1855 changing its government and besting the English out 
of the Mosquito territory. In a second expedition in 1860 he 
was captured and shot. So was Lopez. 

164. (1) The inhuman treatment accorded Cubans as exem- 

.plified in the "reconcentrado system." 

(2) The state of disorder in the Island owing to lack 

of good government. 

(3) The destruction of the Maine. 

165. (1) Battle of Manila. Dewey and Montejo. 

(2) Battle of Santiago (naval). Sampson, Schley and 

Cevera. 

(3) Battle of Santiago (land). Shaffer and Torral. 

166. A regiment of Western cowboys commanded by Col. 
Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American war. 

167. Puerto Eico, Philippines, Ladrones, Pine Island, Tut- 
uila. Cuba was made independent under our protection. 

168. A society organized by Miss Clara Barton to aid wound- 
ed soldiers in hospitals and on the battle fields. 

169., That China should be kept open to commercial inter- 
course to all nations and not be "Polandized." 

170. Eepresentatives of leading civilized nations who meet 
at The Hague in Holland to arbitrate disputes. 

171. A treaty has been concluded with the republic of Pan- 
ama ; damages assessed ; and commissioners appointed ; route 
surveyed; construction in progress. 

172. In 1890 including colonies, 3,771,218 sq. mi. and 84,- 
186,400 people. 

173. * Washington, Whiskey Eebellion. 

Adams, Alien and Sedition Laws. 

* Jefferson, Joyful Purchase of Louisiana. 

* Madison, Makes another war with Great Britain. 
*Monroe, "Monroe Doctrine." 

Adams, American railroad. 
Jackson, Jerks U. S. Bank out of business. 
Yan Buren, View of "Mormonism." 



142 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

(Harrison) Tyler, Takes Texas by treaty. 

Polk, Pushes Mexico out of California. 

(Taylor) Fillmore, Fugitive Slave Law. 

Pierce, Perry's treaty with Japan. 

Buchanan, Business Panic. 

Lincoln, Lifts shackles from slaves. 

(Lincoln) Johnson, Joins Alaska to U. S. by treaty. 
*Grant, Gives Centennial Exhibition. 

Hayes, His withdrawal of Southern troops. 

(Garfield) Arthur, A cheaper postage. 
* Cleveland, Civil Service Eeform. 

Harrison, Homesteaa Strike. 

Cleveland, Columbian Exposition. 

McKinley, Makes war on Spain. 

(McKinley) Eoosevelt, Eelieves strike situation. 

174. Adams, Jefferson, Aaron Burr, George Clinton, Eld- 
ridge Gerry, D. D. Tompkins, J. C. Calhoun, M. Van Buren, E. 
M. Johnson, John Tyler, G. M. Dallas, M. Fillmore, W. E. King, 
J. C. Breckenridge, H. Hamlin, A. Johnson, Schuyler Colfax, 
Henry Wilson, W. A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, T. A. Hen- 
dricks, L. P. Morton, A. E. Stevenson, G. A. Hobart, Theodore 
Eoosevelt, C. W. Fairbanks. 

175. An act passed in 1886 prescribing order of succession to 
the presidency through the Cabinet officers in case of the death 
or disability of both president and vice president. 

176. John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart. 

177. The Embargo laid on vessels in Jefferson's administra- 
tion. Spell Embargo, backwards. 

178. Napoleon's commercial restrictions upon European 
countries. 

179. Savannah in 1819. 

180. Two. 1801-04 and 1815. 

181. William L. Marcy of N. Y. who was Secretary of State 
under Jackson. 

182. Thomas Paine. For the purpose of arousing Ameri- 
cans to separate from British sovereignty. 1776. 



HISTORY. 143 

183. Josiah Harmer's, unsuccessful, 1790. 
A. St. Clair's, unsuccessful, 1791. 
Anthony Wayne's, successful, 1794. 

Indians ambuscaded and surprised first two expeditions. 

184. Andrew Jackson followed them in first war in 1817 into 
Spanish territory ( Florida ) and defeated them. 

In second war 1835-1837 they were successful for a time when 
Osceola their chief was captured under a flag of truce which 
ended the war. 

185. Black Hawk was a famous Indian chief of Western 
tribes. Osceola,, chief of the Seminoles, was captured in 1837, 
confined in Fort Moultrie where he died. Sitting Bull was chief 
of the Sioux tribe and aided in the Custer massacre. Later on 
when he surrendered the U. S. educated him. 

186. In the main idea of giving a broader scope to the Na- 
tional Constitution the Whig party may be classed as successors 
to the Federalists. The Whig party was organized in 1835. The 
Republican party succeeded the Whigs and was organized in 
1856. 

187. The "Know Nothings" was a secret organization which 
was so named because its members refused to divulge anything. 
It finally became a political party ("Constitutional Union Par- 
ty") and nominated John Bell for president in 1860. 

188. Drake prepares for his world voyage. King Philip's 
War, Revolution, "Whiskey Ring ;" Jamestown settled. Attack on 
Port Royal, Fulton's steamboat; French explorations, Dutch 
settlements in Conn., Settlement in Georgia, Spread of "Miller- 
ism"; Purchase of Manhattan Island, Bacon's Rebellion, Anti- 
Masonic fever, Centennial Exhibition. 

189. That dates of importance are Ijcst studied together in 
groups of centuries, half-centuries or in a similar manner by 
association. 

190. Sir Thomas Campbell. It tells of atrocities committed 
by the Indians in the massacres in Pennsylvania battles in 
Revolutionary times. 

191. The capture of Stony Point by "Mad" Anthony Wayne. 

192. The man that first carried the American flag around 



144 TI-IE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

the world. A citizen of California. Gold was first discovered 
at his mill. 

193. Mrs. Betsey Eoss assisted by George Washington. Fif- 
teen. 

194. Saratoga. 

195. An attempt in 1859 to arm and free slaves of the 
South. It was -unsuccessful ; he and twenty-three of his followers 
were hanged. 

196. Mrs.- Harriet Beecher Stowe. William H. Harvey. 

197. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Pierce, Blaine: Bancroft, Mot- 
ley, Prescott, Irving, Eidpath; Cooper, Hawthorne, Harte, 
Howells. Clemens; Longfellow, Bryant, Whittier, Holmet^, 
Carleton; Franklin, Edwards, Hamilton, Edison, Lincoln. 

198. Washington, Greene, Morgan, Scott, Harrison, Tay- 
lor, Grant, Lee, Sherman, Sheridan, Jackson, Thomas, McClel- 
lan and Miles. 

199. Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, Lief Ericsson, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, Henry Lee, J. Q. Adams, Anthony Wayne, P. H. 
Sheridan, Stephen A. Douglass. 

200. Aaron Burr. 

201. James Monroe. 

202. Joseph Eeed when the British were attempting by bribes 
to discover persons connected with the Boston Tea Party, burn- 
ing of the Gaspee, etc. 

203. The Erie Canal. 

204. General George Washington, from June 17, 1775, to 
December 23, 1783. 

Major-General Henry Knox, from December 23, 1783, to 
June 20, 1784. 

Captain John Doughty (artillery), from June 20, 1784, to 
August 12, 1784. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmar (infantry), from August 
12, 1784, to March 4, 1791. 

Major-General Arthur St. Clair, from March 4, 1791, to 
March 5, 1792. 

Major-General Anthony Wayne, from April 13, 1792, to 
December 15, 1796. 



HISTORY. 145 

Brigadier-General James Wilkinson, from December 15, 179G, 
to July 13, 1798. 

Lieutenant-General George Washington, from July 13, 1798, 
to December 14, 1799. 

Major-General Alexander Hamilton, from December 14, 1799, 
to June 15, 180Q. ' 

Brigadier-General James Wilkinson, from June 15, 1800, to 
January 27, 1812. 

Major-General Henry Dearborn, from January 27, 1812, to 
June 15, 1815. 

Major-General Jacol) Brown, from June 15, 1815, to Feb- 
ruary 24, 1828. 

Major-General Alexander Macomb, from May 29, 1828, to 
June 25, 1841. 

Major-General Wintield Scott, from July 5, 1841, to Novem- 
ber 1, 1861. 

Major-General George Brinton McClellan, from November 1, 
1861, to March 11, 1862. 

Major-General Henry Wager Halleck, from July 23, 1862, 
to March 9, 1864. 

General Ulysses Simpson Grant, from March 9, 1864, to 
March 4, 1869. 

General William Tecumseh Sherman, from March 8, 1869, 
to November 1, 1883. 

General Philip Henry Sheridan, from November 1, 1883, to 
August 5, 1888. 

Lieutenant-General John McAllister Schofield, from August 
14, 1888, to September 29, 1895. 

Major-General Nelson Appleton Miles, from October 5, 1895. 

The president of the United States is at all times commander- 
in-chief of the army and navy. 

205. A lady who was banished from Mass. because of her 
religious opinions. 

206. The planting of the seeds; polishing the British Gen- 
eral's boots ; early at the Tannery ; recital of Marco Bozzaris.'' 

207. Adams, Jefferson, Van Buren and Eoosevelt by election 
afterward; Tyler and Fillmore on account of natural deaths of 



146 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

presidents; Johnson, Arthur and Roosevelt by assassination of 
presidents. 

208. S. F. Smith— America; 
Joseph Hopkinson — Columbia ; 
Francis S. Key — Star Spangled Banner. 

209. By John Paul Jones in 1777. 

210. The Goldenrod. 



HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT OF W. VA. (Questions.) 

1. Where are evidences of "the Mound Builders" in West 
Virginia ? 

2. Who was the first white man in W. Va. ? The first trader? 
The first settler? 

3. Name and give dates of the oldest settlements. 

4. What vessels brought the Virginia settlers over the At- 
lantic ? 

5. Name ten important events in the early history from 1735 
to 1860. 

6. Who were some of the Trans- Allegheny pioneers ? 

7. (a) What prominent officers (born on what- is now West 
Virginia soil) took part in the French and Indian war? 

(b) In the Revolutionary war ? 

(c) In the war of 1812? 

8. What was the first name proposed for this State? 

9. Why was it not so named ? 

10. Who were the Pringle brothers, and where did they re- 
side ? 

11. Tell the story of Cornstalk and his tragic death. 

12. What efforts arc being made to mark his remains ? 

13. Describe the battle of Point Pleasant, (briefly.) 

14. What was the Fairfax Stone? 

15. Give a brief history of the Mason and Dixoto's Line. 

16. Name and give dates of ten important steps leading to 
the formation of the State. 



HISTORY. 147 

17. Compare and give dates of the first and second constitu- 
tions. 

18. What was the tax commissicai ? the substance of its rec- 
ommendations ? 

19. What amendments have been added to the second consti- 
tution ? 

20. Who was Francis H. Pierpoint ? 

21. (a) i^ame and give dates of the governors; (b) two im- 
portant events under each administration. 

22. Name all of our U. S. Senators. 

23. Name the present Eepresentatives in Congress. 

24. What governor served the longest period? the shortest 
period ? why ? 

25. Give a sketch of the University. 

26. Who constitute the Board of Public Works, and what are 
its duties? , -j^ - -.f I 

27. How are the Normal schools governed? 

28. Why are titles to some large tracts of land in dispute ? 

29. Who invented the steamboat? 

30. What was the first railroad in West Virginia? 

31. Where were the first iron furnaces? salt furnaces? 

32. What has been done to improve navigation of rivers? 

33. Locate gas, oil, coal and lumber regions. 

34. Wliat was the first newspaper? where published? 

35. Of the newspapers published in 1863 which are still in 
existence ? 

36. What can you say of the common schools in the state 
prior to 1865 ? 

37. When was your county formed and of what was it for- 
merly a part ? 

38. When does the fiscal year for the counties begin ? , 

39. Where do toll gates still exist in this State? 

40. (a) Name the elective officers required for the State, 
(b) Tell what salary each receives. 

41. Do the same for the county. 

42. Was the township system ever tried in the State? Ex- 
plain. 



148 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

43. Name the officers for a district. 

"44. Give a brief account of compulsory education. 

45. From what sources is revenue derived for schools ? 

46. When are elections held and what is the manner of vot- 
ing? 

47. What constitutes the legislative body? How appor- 
tioned? 

48. How are laws made ? 

49. State salaries of legislators. 

50. How are vacancies in governorship filled? 

51. How many and what courts exist? 

52. Wliat educational institutions exist for the benefit of the 
colored people ? • 

53. Locate Deaf and Blind institutions ; also, Reform school. 

54. Locate other penal and charitable institutions. 

55. Give a brief sketch of the Historical and Antiquarian 
Society. 

56. Topics for study: — 

Agriculture, banking, dentistry, licenses, labor, mining, 
insurance, embalming, "Board of Health.'^ 

57. Where did the convention sit that framed the first con- 
stitution? Who was president? 

58. Answer the same as ta second constitution. 

59. What is the supreme law of the land ? 

60. What powers are reserved to the State ? 

61. How many and what counties compose the State? 

63. What is the meaning of the inscription Montani Semper 
Liheri on the great seal ? 

63. Who presides over the Senate when sitting as a court of 
impeachment ? 

64. Which branch of the Legislature prefers charges of im- 
peachment ? 

65. How ddes the Legislature compare with Congress? 

66. What effect has registration upon right to vote? 

67. How often does the Legislature meet? 

68. Who calls respective Houses to order? 



HISTORY. 149 

69. Can either House adjourn without the consent of the 
other ? 

70. What is an engrossed hill? 

71. How much property is exempted to husbands and parents 
from forced sale ? 

72. Define capitation, levy, escheat. 

73. Where were the different French leaden plates buried ? 
When? Who conducted the expedition? 

74. ISTame twelve leading newspapers and persons associated 
with them. 

75. Name ten West Virginia authors and one production 
from each. 

76. Where are the highest points of land in the State ? 

77. Where are the lowest depressions? 

78. Name and locate three natural curiosities. 

79. Name and locate leading (a) public and (b) private ed- 
ucational institutions. 

80. What officers can not immediately succeed themselves? 

81. How are cadetships obtained to the University? 

82. When and w^here were the first and last battles of the 
Revolutionary war fought ? 



HISTOEY AND GOVERNMENT OF W. VA. (Answers). 

1. The Mammouth mound at Moundsville in Marshall coun- 
ty; the ancient mounds found in Greenbrier county; and in 
the valleys of the Kanawha, Ohio and Cheat rivers. 

2. (a) John Lederer; (b) John Van Matre; (c) Morgan 
Morgan. 

3. Shepherdstown in 1728. 

Marlines Bottom, Greenbrier county, in 1749. 

Romney in 1762. 

Morgantown in 1768. 

Wheeling in 1770. 

St. George in 1776. 

Martinsburg in 1778. 

Clarksburg in 1785. 

Charleston in 1788. 



150 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

4. Susan Constant, God-speed, and Discovery. 

5. (1) Contest for the Ohio Valley. (2) Pontiac's war. 
(3) Dunmore's war. (4) Eevolution. (5) Murder of Corn- 
stalk. (6) General Broadhead's expedition against Delaware 
Indians. (7) Last seige of Fort Henry. (8) War with Miami 
Indians. (9) War of 1812. (10) John Brown's Eaid. (An- 
swers m^y differ). 

6. Gov. Alex. Spotswood and Eobert Brooke were among the 
first to cross the Mountains. See 2. John Minear, Andrew Mil- 
ler, Thos. Parsons. The Pringle brothers, Jacksons, Bowmans, 
Cutrights, Carothers, etc. 

7. (a) None. 

(b) Gen. William Darke and Col. William Crawford. 

(c) Gen. P. H. Steenbergen and Maj. Andrew Waggoner. 

8. Vandalia. 

9. The renewal of Indian wars and the beginning of the 
Revolution put an end to the correspondence although the King 
had approved it. 

10. (John and Sam) Two deserters from the Pittsburg 
garrison of 1761. They lived in a hollow sycamore tree for a 
long time. 

11. He was the chief of the Shawnee tribe of Indians located 
opposite Point Pleasant, after the "Dunmore war." While on 
a friendly mission to the fort at that place, he was murdered to 
avenge the death of a white hunter. His son, Elinipsico, and 
another Indian shared the same fate. 

12. The Legislature has appropriated some money, and a 
committee has been appointed to arrange for the erection of a 
suitable monument. 

13. Cornstalk hoped to destroy the entire Virginia army 
under Gens. Charles and Andrew Lewis at Point Pleasant on 
the morning of Oct. 10, 1774. It was a hand-to-hand conflict 
on the triangle between the two rivers until Gen. Lewis executed 
a flank movement, which being unknown to the savages, they 
fied across the Ohio in confusion. Gen. Chas. Lewis was killed. 

14. It was a stone marking the N. W. corner of the Fairfax 



HISTORY. 151 

estate and stood until recently as a corner for three counties in 
this State and Maryland. 

15. Two London surveyors, Chas. Mason and Jeremiah Dix- 
on ran a boundary line between Virginia and Pennsylvania, 
beginning at the E. and going westward (1765). The work was 
interrupted from time to time by the Indians and was not com- 
pleted until 1780. 

16. (1) Constitutional Convention of 1829 at Richmond. 
(2) Virginia Convention of April 17, 1861, and ratification of 
Ordinance of Secession May 23. (3) Clarksburg Convention 
April 22, 1861. (4) Wheeling Convention May 13, 1861. (5) 
Second Wheeling Convention June 4, 1861, to August 21, 1861. 
(6) Third Wheeling Convention Nov. 26, 1861. (7) Ratifica- 
tion of Constitution April 3, 1862. (8) Memorial of State 
presented to Congress May 29, 1862. (9) Final passage of 
Willey's substitute bill by Congress Dec. 20, 1862. (10) Signa- 
ture of president Dec. 31, 1862, and conditions. (11) 60 day 
proclamation of Lincoln April 20, 1863. 



17. ."First Constitution 1863. 

Gov. elected for two yrs. 

Eligible for re-election. 

State Supt. schools ap- 
pointed. 

Sec. of State elected. 

Legislature met annual- 
ly- 

Senators served 2 yrs. 

Delegates elected for 1 

year. 
3 Supreme C'rt Judges. 



Second Constitution 1872. 
Gov. elected for four years. 
Ineligible for re-election. 
Same officer elected. 

Sec. of State appointed. 
Legislature meets biennially. 

Senators elected for 4 years. 
Delegates elected for 2 years. 

4 Judges of Supreme Court. 



18. (a) A committee of five persons, Hons. W. G. Hubbard, 
H. G. Davis, L. J. Williams, J. H. Holt and J. K. Thompson, 
appointed by Gov. White to recommend a system of equal taxa- 
tion to the legislature, (b) (1) That the burden of State 
taxes be raised by a system of license fees, and counties relieved 
from the tax. (2) That all property be assessed at its true 
and actual value. 



152 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

19. (1) Increasing number of Circuit Courts. (2) Increas- 
ing number of terms. (3) Changing County Courts. (4) 
Jury trials before justices. (5) That the Secretary of State be 
elected and a salary given him for services. (6) That the Au- 
ditor receive a stipulated compensation for his services instead 
of fees. (7) That the "Irreducible School Fund be limited to 
$1,000,000, etc. (8) That the Supreme Court of Appeals con- 
sist of five, instead of four, judges. (9) Providing for regis- 
tration of voters. 

20. He was governor of the "Eeorganized government of 
Virginia." 

21. Arthur I. Boreman 1863 to 1869. 

W. Va. a Military Dept. under Gen. Kelly. 
Berkeley and Jefferson counties added to the State. 
*William E. Stevenson 1869 to 1871. 

Impeachment of Judge Nathaniel Harrison. 
Removal of Capital to Charleston. 
John J. Jacob, 1S71 to 1877. 

The Virginia debt question. 

Impeachment of Auditor and Treasurer. 
Henry M. Mathews, 1877 to 1881. 

Strike on B. & 0. railroad. 

Constitutional amendments. 
Jacob B. Jackson, 1881 to 1885. 

Tax commission of 1883. 

Riot at Cannelton. 
E. Willis Wilson, 1885 to 1890. 

"Tilt" with railroads. 

Settlement of boundary with Pa. 
A. Brooks Fleming, 1890 to 1893. 

Australian ballot law. 

Suit with Maryland. 
William A. MacCorkle, 1893 to 1897. 

Bipartisan State boards. 

Eiot in Marshall county on B. & 0. Ry. 
George W. Atkinson, 1897 to 1901. 

Public executions abolished. 

Contest for U. S. Senator. ; 



HISTORY. 153 

Albert B. White, 1901 to 1905. 
Eeport of Tax Commission. 
New Tax Legislation. 
*Daniel D. T. Farnsworth served five days as Boreman 
resigned to accept a seat in the U. S. Senate. 

22. Van Winkle, Willey, Boreman, Davis, Caperton, Price, 
Hereford, Camden, Kenna, Faulkner, Elkins and Scott. 

23. B. B. Dovener, A. G. Dayton, J. H. Gaines, H. C. Wood- 
yard, J. A. Hughes. 

24. Hon. E. W. Wilson served five years because of pending 
contest between Goff and Fleming. Farnsworth to fill vacancy 
see note 21. The latter distinction is sometimes claimed by 
friends of Col. E. S. Carr, who was sworn in in time of the 
'^contest of 1888.'' 

25. On July 2, 1862 Congress donated lands to each state. 
W. Va. secured 150,000 acres which was sold for $90,000 and 
invested by the Governor. The Legislature of 1863 passed an 
act providing for the W. Va. Agricultural College within five 
years. Inducements were offered by Monongalia Academy and 
Woodburn Female Seminary which led to its acceptance by the 
State in 1867. In 1868 the name was changed to West Vir- 
ginia University. Since that time its growth has been steady. 

26. The Governor, Attorney General, Superintendent of Free 
Schools, Auditor and Treasurer. Sec. of State is Secretary. 

27. By a Board of Eegents and the State Supt. of Free 
Schools, former being appointed by the Governor. 

28. The poor system by which Virginia sold its land making 
titles defective. 

29. James Eumsey in 1783. 

30. The Baltimore & Ohio, 1852. 

31. (a) In Hampshire and Monongalia counties, (b) 
Near Charleston. 

32. The channel of the Potomac river Avas cleared of rocks 
in 1785 at and below Harper's Ferry. 

Private individuals attempted to dam the Kanawha and Mo- 
nongahela rivers but the U. S. Congress came to the rescue. A 
strong organization is asking for locks for the Ohio river. 



154 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

33. Gas and oil is found in the Pan Handle counties, Wet- 
zel, Tyler, Pleasants, Wood, Wirt, Eitchie, Eoane, Doddridge, 
Harrison, Taylor, Marion, Calhoun, Cabell and other counties. 
Coal principally in Kanawha, McDowell, Fayette, Mason, Min- 
eral, Grant, Tucker, Pocahontas, Putnam counties and else- 
where. About one-half of the State has excellent timber, North 
Eastern, Central, Eastern and Southern portions. 

34. The Monongalia Gazette published at Morgantown 1803. 

35. Wheeling Intelligencer, Wheeling Register, ClarKsburg 
Telegram, The Free Press and Spirit of Charles Town, Shep- 
herdstown Register, Wellsburg Herald, Point Pleasant Register. 

36. There were practically none. 

37. Answers will differ. 

38. June 1. 

39 In Monroe, Tyler and Jefferson counties. 

40. Governor, $5,000; Sec. of State, $4,500; State Superin- 
tendent of Schools, $3,500; Auditor, $4,000; Treasurer, $3,000; 
Attorney General, $3,000; Supreme Judges, $3,500 each. 

41. Sheriff, salary and commissions. 
County Clerk, salary and commissions. 
Circuit Clerk, salary and commissions. 

Three County Commissioners, $2.00 each per day. 

Prosecuting Attorney, salary and fees. 

County Superintendent of Schools, $300 to $500 per 

year. 
Assessor, salary and fees. 

Members House of Delegates, $4 per day and mileage. 
With other counties elect Judges of Judicial Circuits 

and State senators. 

42. Yes, from 1863 to 1872. K supervisor was elected for 
each township and these all met and constituted a court. 

43. Justices of the Peace, Constables, Members of Boards of 
Education, Overseers of the Poor, Eoad Surveyors, Trustees. 

44. The first Compulsory School Law was enacted in 1899, 
a better one in 1903. 

45. (1) From forfeited and escheated lands. 

(2) Lands sold by State after State purchases same. 



HISTORY. 155 

(3) Grants, devises, bequests made to State for that' 

purpose. 

(4) State's share of the Literary Fund of Virginia. 

(5) Stocks or other property which this State claims 

from Virginia. 

(6) Proceeds of estates of persons dying intestate with- 

out heirs. 

(7) Proceeds of taxes on revenue of corporations. 

(8) Moneys paid for exemptions from military duty. 

(9) Appropriations by the Legislature. 

(10) Net proceeds of forfeitures and fines due the 

State. 

(11) State capitation tax. 

(12) General taxation. 

(13) Interest and accrued amounts on above collective 

sums known as the "School Fund" (above one 
million dollars.) 

46. (a) The Tuesday following the first Monday in Novem- 
ber in even years, (b) The tickets are placed side by side in 
columns on the ballot, and the voter, taking one, enters a booth 
and marks out all columns or tickets except the one he desires 
to vote. This ticket must contain the names of all candidates 
for whom the voter votes. 

47. The Senate, composed of two members from each Sena- 
torial district, (30 in all), and House of Delegates, composed of 
members representing the different counties, apportioned ac- 
cording to population. 

48. (1) By passing both legislative bodies and receiving the 

governor's signature of approval. 

(2) If. after pasing in both houses, it remains with the 

governor for five days, it becomes a law wheth- 
er or not he approves it. 

(3) Should a bill pass both houses and the governor 

disapprove it by returning it with his objec- 
tions (veto it), and it is again passed in each 
house, it is a law. 

49. Four dollars per day and mileage. 



156 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

50. The Pres. of the Senate becomes governor iintil next 
election. 

51. Four. Supreme Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, 
County Courts, Justices' Courts. (The counties of Cabell, 
Fayette, Kanawha, Marion, Mercer, McDoAvell^ Ohio and Wood 
have also Criminal Courts.) 

52. The Institute at Farm, Kanawha county. 

The Colored Institute at Bluefield, Mercer county. 
Storer College at Harper's Ferry, Jefferson county. 

53. Eomney, Hampshire county; Pruntytown, Taylor 
county. 

54. Penitentiary, Moundsville in Marshall county. 
Hospital for Insane, Weston in Lewis county. 
Hospital for Insane, Spencer in Roane county. 
Industrial Home for Girls, Salem, Harrison county. 
The W. Va. Asylum, Huntington, Cabell county. 
Miners' Hospital No. 1, Welch, McDowell county. 
Miners' Hospital No. 2, McKendree, Fayette county. 
Miners' Hospital No. 3, Fairmont, Marion county. 

55. An act of incorporation was passed March 2, 1870, and 
several meetings were held at Morgantown, but the organization 
ceased to exist in 1884. It was revived by a complete organiza- 
tion in 1890, when a new charter was granted It has a perma- 
nent location in the Capitol and many splendid collections, but 
no complete statistics have ever been published. 

56. For lack of space, suggestions only are made : — 



(a) i 



1. Who comprises State board? 

2. When organized? 

3. Its purposes. 

I 4. Legislative authority, etc. 



^ 1. State Bank Examiner — Hon. M. A. Kendall. 

! 2. Duties. Salary $700 and $15 for each bank 
(b) \ examined. 

I 3. Law. Controlled by Board of Public -Works, 

[ 4, See report, 



HISTORY. 



157 



(c) 



w 



(e) ^ 



(f) ] 



(g) 



I 
r 



1. Provision for Board of Examiners. 

2. Number. Compensation, etc. 

3. Deficiency in law. 

1. For what required? 

2. x\dvantages. 

3. Weaknesses. 

4. Law. When enacted, 

1. Act of 1889. 

2. Commissioner — Hon. I. V. Barton. 

3. Duties. Salary $1200 and expenses. 

4. Eeports furnished to him. 

1. Mine Inspector (Hon. J. W.Paul) and depu- 

ties. 

2. Duties. Salary $1200 and expenses. 

3. Eeports, etc. 

1. Under direction of Auditor. 

2. What we need further? 

3. How to get it? 

1. State Board. 

2. Act of 1899. 

3. Requirements, fee, etc. 

1. Law. 

2. State Board, how constituted? 

3. Regulates practice of medicine. 

4. Powers and duties. 

5. Local board, how constituted? 



Hon. John Hall of Mason county. 

Hon. Samuel 



57. At Wheeling. 

58. In the old M. E. Church at Charleston. 
Price of Greenbrier county. 

59. The Constitution of the United States. 

60. The State is sovereign within its own limits over all 
questions not expressly assigned to the National government. 

61. Barbour, County Seat Philippi. 
Berkeley, County Seat Martinsburg. 
Boone, County Seat Madison. 
Braxton, County Seat Sutton. 



158 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Brooke, County Seat Wellsburg. 
Cabell, County Seat Huntington. 
Calhoun, County Seat Grantsville. 
Clay, County Seat Clay. 
Doddridge, County Seat West Union. 
Fayette, County Seat Fayetteville. 
Gilmer, County Seat Glenville. 
Grant, County Seat Petersburg. 
Greenbrier, County Seat Lewisburg. 
Hampshire, County Seat Eomney. 
Hancock, County Seat New Cumberland. 
Hardy, County Seat Moorefield. 
Harrison, County Seat Clarksburg. 
Jackson, County Seat Kipley. 
Jefferson, County Seat Charles Town. 
Kanawha, County Seat Charleston. 
Lewis, County Seat AVeston. 

Lincoln, County Seat Hamlin. 

Logan, County Seat Logan. 

McDowell, County Seat Welch. 

Marion, County Seat Fairmont. 

Marshall, County Seat Moundsville. 

Mason, County Seat Point Pleasant. 

Mercer, County Seat Princeton. 

Mineral, County Seat Keyser. 

Mingo, County Seat Williamson. 

Monongalia, County Seat Morgantown. 

Monroe, County Seat Union. 

Morgan, County Seat Berkeley Springs. 

Nicholas, County Seat Summerville. 

Ohio, County Seat Wheeling. 

Pendleton, County Seat Franklin. 

Pleasants, County Seat St. Marys. 

Pocahontas, County Seat Marlinton. 

Preston, County Seat Ivingwood. 
Putnam, County Seat Winfield. 
Kaleigh, County Seat Beckley. 



HISTORY. 159 

Eandolph, County Seat Elkins. 
Eitchie, County Seat Harrisville. 
Eoane, County Seat Spencer. 
Summers, County Seat Hinton. 
Taylor, County Seat Grafton. 
Tucker, County Seat Parsons. 
Tyler, County Seat Middlebourne. 
Upshur, County Seat Buckhannon. 
Wayne, County Seat Wa3me. 
Webster, County Seat Addison. 
Wetzel, County Seat New Martinsville. 
Wirt, County Seat Elizabeth. 
Wood, County Seat Parkersburg. 
Wyoming, County Seat Oceana. 
Fifty-five. 

62. Mountaineers are always free. 

63. The President of the Supreme Court of Appeals. 

64. The House of Delegates. 

65. The House of Delegates in many particulars corre- 
sponds to the House of Eepresentatives while the Senates are 
alike in some features. 

66. None accordiug to the constitutiooi. The last amend- 
ment provides for a system of registration. 

67. Biennially on the second Wednesday of January. 

68. The oldest member in point of service. 

69. Each may adjourn without the consent of the other but 
not longer than three days. 

70. One plainly written with all amendments preparatory to 
final action upon third reading. 

71. A liom&stead may be taken upon real estate to the value 
of $1000; A schedule of personal property to amoiunts less than 
$200. 

72. Head or poll tax; % placed on valuation for purpose of 
taxation ; to revert or become forfeited back to the State. 

73. 1. Mouth of the Conewango on South bank of the Alle- 

gheny. 
2. Mouth of French creek on the Ohio. 



160 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

3. Mouth of Wheeling creek on the Ohio. 

4. Mouth of Muskingum near Marietta, Ohio. 

5. Mouth of the Great Kanawha near Point Pleasant. 

6. Mouth of the Miami. 
Capt. B. de Celeron in 1749. 

74. 1. Wheeling Intelligencer — John Frew. 

2. Wheeling Register — Chas. E. Taney. 

3. Parkersburg Journal — P. W. Morris. 

4. Parkersburg News — C. D. Elliott. 

5. Parkersburg Sentinel — E. E. Horner. 

6. Huntington Advertiser — J. H. Long. 

7. Huntington Herald — C. E. Haworth. 

8. Charleston Mail— M. W. Donnally. 

9. Charleston Gazette: — George Byrne. 

10. Martinsburg Statesman— U. S. G. Pitzer. 

11. Bluefield Telegraphr— Hugh Ike Shott. 

12. West Virginia School Journal— W. T. Barbe & R. A. 
Armstrong. 

75. 1. Virgil A. Lewis — History of West Virginia. 

2. Eichard E. Fast — History of West Virginia. 

3. Hu Maxwell — History of Tucker County. 

4. Geo. W. Atkinson — History of Kanawha County. 

5. John P. Hale — Trans-Allegheny Pioneers. \ 

6. Waitman T. Barbe — Ashes and Incense. 

7. Daniel B. Lucas — Ballads and Madrigals. 

8. David H. Strother — The Virginia Canaan. . 

9. Emma Withers — Wildwood Chimes. 

10. Alvaro F. Gibbons — Prominent Men of West Virginia. 
(Answers to 74 and 75 may differ.) 

76. Spruce Knob in Pendleton, and Spruce Knob in Poca- 
hontas counties. 

77. At Harper's Ferry, and mouth of Big Sandy Eiver. 

78. Hanging Eocks, Hampshire county. 
Eosby's Eock, Marshall county. 
Tea Table Eock, Putnam county. 

79. (a) The University at Morgantown. Preparatory 

branches at Montgomery and Keyser. 



GEOGRAPHY. 161 

State Normals, for white, at Huntington, Fairmont, 
Athens, Glenville, West Liberty, Shepherdstown. 
Normals for Colored at Farm and Bluefield. 
(b) Bethany College near Bethany. 

W. Va. Conference Seminary at Buckhannon. 
Broaddns Institute at Clarksburg. 
Salem College at Salem. 
Female Academy at Lewisburg. 
Mt. de Chantal Seminary at Wheeling. 
Morris-Harvey College at Barboursville. 
Fayetteville Academy at Fayetteville. 
See 54. 

80. Governors and Sheriffs, 

81. From Board of Kegents in Senatorial district. Appli- 
cant must be between IG and 21 years of age, of good moral char- 
acter, and not more than eight from any one county except in 
cases of vacancy. 

82. (a) Point Pleasant Oct. 10, 1774. 
(b) Wheeling Sept. 11, 1782. 



GEOGEAPHY. (Questions.) 

1. What is geography? political geography? commercial 
geography ? vital geography ? physical geography ? 

2. How are these dependent upon each other? 

3. What is the earth? Give its size and point of distance 
from the sun as compared with other planets. 

4. What is its circumference? its axis? the poles? the 
circles ? 

5. What are the great circles ? what is an arc ? 

6. How many and what proofs have we of the earth's ro- 
tundity ? 

7. What is a continent? an island? a peninsula? a shore? 
a cape ? a mountain ? a plateau ? 

8. Define and describe the formatioTi of plains. 

9. How many people of the world live on plains ? 



162 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

10. What is a volcano ? an earthquake ? a crater ? lava ? 

11. What is an archipelago? a gnlf? a bay? a strait? a 
sound ? a river ? a channel ? a fiord ? a firth ? 

12. What is the mouth of a river? the bed? the head? 

13. Distinguish between right and left banks of a river. 

14. What is the longest river in the world ? the widest ? the 
deepest ? 

15. What is peculiar about the Hoang-ho river m China? 

16. What effects have the two motions of the earth? 

17. (a) What is a map? (b) latitude? (c) longitude? 
(d) a meridian? 

18. How many miles in a degree ? 

19. What determines the widtn of the zones? 

20. Suppose the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane 
of its orbit were 25° instead of 23 1/2°, give the width of the 
zones. 

21. Instead of zcaies what terms may be used? 

22. What is the world ridge ? 

23. In going around the world ridge what peculiar animals 
would be found ranging high up among the mountains ? 

24. Which are older the Eockies or Alleghanies? Give 
proofs. 

25. How many races of mankind and how are they distin- 
guished ? 

26. On what does the social condition of man depend? 

27. What are the different forms of government? Define 
each. 

28. What religions exist in the world? 

29. Give distribution of races and tell how many persons be- 
long to each. 

30. Give length and breadth of U. S.; (b) of W. Va. 

31. Bound the U. S. and each of its territories, naming the 
capitals. 

32. Bound the chief countries of Europe and name the cap- 
itals and chief cities of commercial importance. 

33. Bound W. Va. ; name the counties and county seats. 

34. Name the gulfs, straits and sounds of N. A. 



GEOGRAPHY. 163 

35. Locate ten largest lakes of the world. 

36. How w^ould you go by boat from Chicagoi to Liverpool? 

37. Give relative sizes of the grand divisions. 

38. Name the culminating point in each grand division. 

39. Compare the physiographic features of S. A. and Africa. 

40. How is Canada governed ? Newfoundland? 

41. Name the rivers connecting the Great Lakes. 

42. What states in the U. S. are in the Atlantic Costal plain ? 
Border on the Pacific Ocean? Border on Canada? On the Mis- 
sissippi ? 

43. Name the highest mountain, the longest river, the long- 
est railroad, the longest tunnel, the greatest cave, the hottest 
city, the coldest city in the world. 

44. What falls in N. A. ? 

45. Name and give capitals of the central American states. 

46. What country entirely west of the Andes ? What are its 
products ? 

47. Locate the wheat, corn, gold, coal, silver, cattle, and 
sheep regions of the globe. 

48. What is the latitude of London, Washington, Mexico, Pe- 
kin, Manila, Vienna, Stockholm, Madrid, Cairo? 

49. Name all the peninsulas of Asia. 

50. What is there remarkable in respect to the Caspian and 
Aral seas ? 

51. Where is Mount Sinai? Ararat? And for what is each 
noted ? 

52. What countries border on the Indian Ocean? 

53. In what two countries does it seldom rain? Why? 

54. How do you account for the Desert of Sahara ? What is 
its size ? 

55. Give the seas, gulfs, bays and straits of Oceanica. 

56. What is the crust of the earth and how far has it been 
penetrated ? 

57. How are rocks classified? 

58. Define each class. 

59. What are fossils ? 

60. Mention the ages comprising the formation of the earth. 



164 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Gl. How are islands classified? 

G2. Give theory of mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes. 

63. In what direction do the largest rivers flow? 

64. Where are highest mountains found in most countries? 

65. What is atmosphere? temperature? 

66. Give theory of winds; of waves. 

67. What is dew, frost, hail, rain, snow. Give cause of 
each. 

68. What are glaciers? avalanches? 

69. Where is the greatest and the least rainfall in the world ? 

70. What is climate? isothermal and isochronous lines? 

71. What effects climate? 

72. What do you know of the distribution of plants? 

73. Of animals? 

74. Describe the Gulf Stream, Japan Current and Arctic 
Currents. 

75. What is the cause of the Sargasso sea ? 

76. What is the polyp ? What of its work? 

77. What are Artesian wells? 

78. Locate Pictured Rocks, Iron Mountain, Dead Sea, Lake 
Reyes. 

79. For what is Mount Vesuvius noted ? Stromboli ? 

80. What is meant by the Snow line? 

81. Locate the International Date Line. 

82. How does the Southern part of Africa compare in height 
with the Northern part ? The whole of Africa with Europe ? 

83. What are the products of Italy? Persia? Greece? 
Pennsylvania ? Illinois ? 

84. What is peculiar about the Casiquaire river in S. A. ? 

85. Write ten largest cities of the world in order of size. 

86. What countries have natural boundaries ? 

87. What do the names Valparaiso, Terre del fuego, Chile, 
Ecuador, Corpus Christi, Montevideo, Molino del Rey, Monte- 
rey, Sacramento, Venezuela, Cerro Gordo mean? 

88. Name five trunk line railroads in the U. S. 

89. How would you go by water from Charleston, W. Va. to 
Charleston, S. C. ? How by rail ? 



GEOGRAPHY. 165 

90. What would be the approximate distance in miles from 
Washington, D. C. to St. Louis, Mo. airline route? 

91. What does Novji Scotia, Newfoundland, Gallipolis, An- 
napolis, and Constantinople mean? 

92. Where are the following products found : — sealskins, tea, 
coffee, rice, indigo, tallow, pepper, cinnamon, quinia, ivory, 
barley, olives, figs, tobacco? 

93. Describe Summer solstice. Winter solstice. 

94. Explain the theory of thunder and lightning. 

95. Classify clouds. 

96. What is an elliptical orbit? Illustrate. 

97. Where was once a Lake region in the IT. S. ? 

98 Define tundras, llanos, steppes, pampas, prairies, oases, 
selvas. 

99. How does Jupiter compare with the earth in size? 
,100. What is a moon? a satellite? a meteor? 

101. What is aphelion? perihelion? 

102. What is a simoon? monsoon? hurricane? tornado? cv- 
clone? whirlwind? 

103. The length of the longest day at Bergen is 19 hours; 
locate those places that have their longest days of the same 
length. 

104. What two places on the earth have the greatest differ- 
ence in latitude ? 

105. What three countries principally supply the world's de- 
mand for tea? 

106. Name two great manufacturing cities that are located 
upon the Merrimac river. 

107. Mention (a) two bays on the coast of Massachusetts; 

(b) two large islands off its coast. 

108. What are geysers? Locate two important geyser re- 
gions. 

109. Name (a) the capital of Texas; (b) its chief seaport; 

(c) two of its rivers; (d) its chief field product. 

110. Select any four of the following and state an import- 
ant event in connection with each: Island of Elba, Mt. Vesu- 
vius, Mecca, Jerusalem, Palos, Corsica, Moscow. 



166 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

111. Name the bodies of water connected by (a) Davis 
strait; (b) Behring strait; (c) Strait of Mackinaw; (d) Strait 
of Bosporus. 

112. What port forms a convenient stopping place for ves- 
sels during a voyage from San Francisco to Australia? 

113. Bound (a) the north temperate zone; (b) the south 
frigid zone. 

114. Name three localities in this State noted for their 
mineral springs. 

115. Name three agencies which afford New York State 
great facilities for trade. 

116. (a) Which hemispheres contain the largest islands? 
(b) What is the largest island of North America? 

117. What .is the general direction of the rivers of the At- 
lantic States? Why? 

118. Name the loftiest mountain chain in Europe^ and name 
the loftiest peak in the chain. 

119. (a) Describe the Orinoco; (b) the Congo; (c) the 
Danube. (Give source, general directions, and outlet). 

120. Name a state which is noted for the production of (a) 
coal; (b) rice; (c) sugar; (d) fruits and wines; (e) salt. 

121. Name two railroad routes from Buffalo to Chicago. 

122. Name the counties in each of the Congressional Dis- 
tricts of W. Va. 

123. Name the counties in each of the Senatorial Districts 
of W. Va. 

124. Give the latitude of the tropic of Capricorn and of the 
Arctic circle. 

125. Name a large island or group of islands lying south- 
east of (a) North America; (b) South America; (c) Asia; 
(d) Africa; (e) Australia. 

126. Mention two peninsulas that form a part of the terri- 
tory of Mexico and the bodies of water that touch the shores of 
each. 

127. What is the religious faith of the greater part of (a) 
India; (b) Turkey; (c) China? 

, 128. Give the title applied to the ruler of (a) Persia; (b) 
Japan; (c) Turkey; (d) Russia; (e) Germany. 



GEOGRAPHY. 167 

129. What island is noted for its nickel mines? 

130. Where is the largest crater in the world? 

131. What do the Australians use for needles? 

132. What peculiarity in the leaves of the trees in Australia ? 

133. Where do the rivers lose themselves in the sand? 

134. For what purpose did England first use Australia? 

135. What explorer died in the Philippine Islands? In 
the Sandwich Islands? 

136. Give "popular names'^ of some cities. 



GEO GR APH Y. ( Answers. ) 

1. It is the study of earth as the home of man. Political 
geography l*elates to countries and their government; Commer- 
cial, deals with exports and imports of products; Vital, the 
animal and plant life; Physical, with elevation, formation, 
drainage and all the natural features. 

2. All are more or less dependent upon physical features. 
Political and Commercial supplement each other in a limited 
degree, as does also Vital with the former two. 

3. The planet upon which we live. It is fifth in size and 
third in point of distance from the Sun. 

4. The distance around it — about 25,000 miles. 

The distance through the center — about 8,000 miles. 

Extremities of the shortest axis. 

Markings indicating inclination, change of seasons, etc. 

5. All geographical circles whose centers are identical with 
the center of the earth. An arc is a part of a circle. 

6. (1) View of a ship leaving port. 

(2) Circumnavigation of the globe. 

(3) The earth's shadow in an eclipse. 

(4) Appearance of stars. 

(5) Circular appearance of the horizon. 

(6) Measurement and plumbing of steeples, etc. 

(7) Shadows of objects move in circles. 

(8) By actual measurement. 

(9) Change of seasons, etc. 



168 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

(10) Telescopic observations exhibit all planets as round. 

(11) The law of centrifugal and centripetal force as ex- 

hibited by (a) the crust or surface and (b) the 
equatorial and polar diameters. 

7. (a) The greatest division of land, (b) A portion of land 
surrounded by water, (c) Land almost surrounded by water, 
(d) Land bordering on oceans, lakes, etc. (e) Point of land 
jutting out into the water, (f) Highest elevation of land, 
(g) An elevated table land or high plain. 

8. Flood plains made by swollen streams. 

Delta plains made by collection of sediment at river 

mouths. 
Coastal plains made by raising of sea-bottoms, etc. 
Lake plains made by drying up of lakes. 
Lava plains made by lava from volcanic eruptions. 

9. About three-fourths of the earth's population. 

10. (a) A cone shaped mass of ashes and lava, (b) Up- 
heavals and undulations caused by unequal temperature, gases, 
etc. (c) The opening of a volcano, (d) Debris ejected from 
volcanoes. 

11. (a) A cluster of islands, (b) Large body of water almost 
surrounded by land, (c) Not quite so large as a gulf, (d) 
Small body of water uniting larger bodies, (e) A body of 
water whose depth is easily measured, (f) A fresh stream of 
water flowing through the land, (g) A navigable strait between 
two bodies of land, (h) A narrow inlet of the sea as in Nor- 
way and Alaska, (i) Same as (h) except term used in Scot- 
land. 

12. The point where it flows into another river, sea, lake or 
gulf. The trough in which it flows. Where it rises. 

13. In descending a stream the right bank is on the right, 
etc. 

14. Single river, Nile. Answer generally given is Missis- 
sippi with the Missouri. The Amazon is the widest and also 
deepest at its mouth. 

15. This river has shifted its mouth back and forth along 
the coast of China for a distance of 300 miles. Also the great 
plains built by it. 



GEOGRAPHY. . 169 

16. The motion of the earth on its own axis produces day 
and night and its motion around the Sun causes change of 
seasons. 

17. (a) Representation of a portion of the earth as flat for 
convenience of study, (b) Distance measured north or south 
of the equator, (c) Distance measured east or west of any 
meridian, (d) A point selected from which to reckon time. 

18. 69.16 statute miles at the equator. The number varies. 

19. The inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its 
orbit. 

20. Each of the Frigid zones would be 25°, the Torrid zone 
50°. and the Temperate zones each 40°. 

21. Belts or girdles. See Frye's Geography as to cold belts, 
cool belts, etc. 

22. It is that greatest elevation of mountains apparently in 
the shape of a horseshoe which begin with the Andes of South 
America and end wdth the Snow mountains of Africa. 

23. The llama, alpaca, musk deer. 

24. The Alleghanies. Deposits of coal, iron, gas, etc., the 
work of earlier ages, and the wearing down of these mountains. 

25. Five. By the color of the skin, shape of skulls, kind of 
hair, etc., as White, Yellow, Black, Eed and Brown. 

26. The social condition of man depends upon his locality, 
environments, intelligence and opportunities. 

27. Monarchy, a country governed by one ruler or monarch. 
Aristocracy, a country governed by nobles or certain 

classes. 
Democracy, a country governed l)y the people. 

28. Christian, Jewish, Mohammedanism, Brahminism, Budd- 
hism, Shintoism. 

29. Caucasian or White in America, Europe and part of N. 
Africa, 690,000; Mongolian or Yellow in China, Japan and 
Alaska, 600,000; African or Black in Africa, 150,000; Ameri- 
can or Eed in America, 12,000; Malay or Brown in East In- 
dies, 35,000. 

30. (a) Average length about 2800 miles with average 
breadth of 1500 miles, (b) Greatest length from East to the 
Southwest is 270 miles; from North to South, 230 miles. 



170 TEE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

31. On the North by Canada; East by Atlantic; South by 
Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; West by Pacific; Capital, Wash- 
ington on the Potomac. 

Indian Territory, on North by Oklahoma and Kansas; East 
by Arkansas; South by Texas; West by Oklahoma; chief city, 
Tallequah. Oklahoma on N. by Col. and Kansas; E. by In- 
dian; S. and W. by Texas and New Mexico; Capital, Guthrie. 
Arizona on N. by Utah; E. by New Mex. ; S. by Mex. ; W. bv 
Cal. and Nev. ; Capital, Phoenix. New Mexico on N. by Col. ; 
E. by Ok. and Texas; S. by Mex.; W. by Arizona; Capital, Santa 
Fe. Alaska, Hawaii, Philippines are only districts as is also 
D. of Columbia. 

(Students should also practice this for each State and the 
county in which they live.) 

32. Great Britain on West and North by Atlantic; East by 
North Sea; South by Strait of Dover, English Channel and 
Atlantic Ocean. Capital, London. Other towns, Liverpool, 
Edinburgh and Dublin. 

France on North by Southern boundaries for Great Britain 
and Belgium; East by Germany, Switzerland and Italy; South 
by Mediterranean Sea and Spain; West by Bay of Biscay, At- 
lantic Ocean and English Channel; Capital, Paris. Other cities, 
Brest, Havre, Bordeaux. 

Germany on North by North Sea, Denmark and Baltic Sea; 
on East by Eussia and Austria; South by Austria and Switzer- 
land. Capital, Berlin. Leipsic, Dresden and Hamburg are im- 
portant towns. 

Russia on North by Arctic Ocean; East by Behring and Okho- 
tsh Seas, La Perouse Strait, Gulf of Tartary and Japan Sea; 
S. by Chinese Empire, Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Black Sea, 
Austria; W. by Austria, Germany, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia 
and Sweden ; Capital, St. Petersburg. Other cities are : Sebas- 
topol, Moscow, Novgorod. 

33. On the N. by Ohio, Penn. and Maryland; on the E. by 
Md. and Virginia; S. by Virginia and Kentucky; W. by Ky, 
and Ohio. See answer number 61 in State History, 



GEOGRAPHY. 171 

34. Gulfs : — St. Lawrence, Mexico, Campeche, Honduras, 
Teliuantepec, California, Alaska, Bothnia, Coronation. 

Straits : — Behring, Barrow, Davis, Hudson, Belle Isle, Can- 
so, Mackinac, Florida, Fuca, Shelikof, Etolin, Denmark, Dol- 
phin, Fisher. 

Sounds : — Norton, Kotzebue, Mellville, Jones, Smith, Lancas- 
ter, Franklin, Long Island, Queen Charlotte, x4.1bemarle, Pam- 
lico, St. Helena, Cumberland. 

35. Caspian Sea in Eussia; Lake Victoria in Africa; Lake 
Superior between Canada and the U. S. ; Aral Sea in central 
Asia; Lake Michigan in Michigan; Lake Huron in Canada; 
Lake Baikal in Siberia ; Lake Erie bordering Penn. ; Ladoga in 
western Eussia ; Ontario in Canada bordering on the U. S. 

36. Lake Michigan, St. of Mackinac, Lake Huron, St. Clair 
river. Lake St. Clair, Detroit river, Lake Erie, Welland canal, 
Lake Ontario, Eiver and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean, 
North Channel and Irish Sea. 

37. Australia is about 1/2 as large as South America. 
Europe is about 1/2 as large as North America. 
S. A. is about 7/8 as large as North America. 

N. A. is about 3/4 as large as Africa. 
Africa is about 2/3 as large as Asia. 

38. Mt. McKinley in Alaska for North America. 
Aconcagua in Chile for South America. 
Elboorz in Eussia for Europe. 

Mt. Everest in Thibet for Asia. 

Kilamanjaro in German East Africa for x\frica. 

39. General contour is similar but the highest mountains 
are on western coast of S. A. while they are on the opposite 
ooasts of Africa. Each has two secondary chains of mountains. 
Each has a long river but they do not flow in the same direc- 
tion. Each has a rainless region — Peru and Egypt. Africa 
has the Great Desert and more territory in the hot belt, while 
chere is but a small desert in South America. 

40. By a British Viceroy or Gov.-General and a privy coun- 
cil of 13 members; also a parliament consisting of a Senate 
(80 life members) and House of Commons (elected for five 
years), 



172 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

A Governor-General appointed by the King of Gt. Britain. 

41. St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara. 

42. Conn., N. Y., N. J., Del., Md., Va., K C, S. C, 
Georgia, Florida; Washington, Oregon and California; Wash- 
ington, Mon., N. D., Minn., Wis., Mich., 0., Pa., N". Y., Vt., 
N". H., Me. ; Minn., Iowa, Mo., Ark., La., Miss., Tenn., Ky., 111., 
Wisconsin. 

43. Mt. Everest. (See 14). The Trans-Siberian Eailway. 
St. Gotthard in Switzerland. Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 
Mecca in Arabia. Verkoyansk in Siberia. 

44. Niagara, Minnehaha, Yosemite, St. Anthony, Yellow- 
stone, Shoshone. 

45. Guatemala, New Guatemala; Belize, Belize; Honduras, 
Tegucigalpa; Nicaragua, Managua; San Salvador, Salvador; 
Costa Eica, San Jose; Panama, Colon. 

46. Chile. Grains, fruits, vegetables, minerals, niter. 

47. Wheat in Central Europe, Western part of South Amer- 
ica, central and southern parts of North America. Corn in 
practically same places and also Australia. Gold and silver in 
Siberia, South Africa, Eocky Mountains, Borneo, New Zealand^ 
Colombia, Australia, Andes Mountains. Coal in Alleghany 
Mountains, Nova Scotia, Chile, Great Britain, New Caledonia. 

Cattle in Eussia, Orange Free State, Venezuela, Argentina, 
Madagascar and TJ. S. 

Sheep in Persia, India, South Africa, Argentina, New Zeal- 
and, U. S. 

48. 51 1/2°; 38° 40'; 19° 30'; 40°; 14° 30'; 48°; 59°; 
40° 20'; 30°; all North. 

49. Kamchatka, Korea, Indo-China, Malay, Deccan, Arabia, 
Taimur. 

50. So large to have no outlets. Both are salt. 

51. In Turkey. Moses received the Ten Commandments on 
the former while the Ark rested upon the latter, after the flood. 

52. Australia, Java, Sumatra, Siam, Burma, India, Beloo- 
chistan, Persia, Arabia, Somauli, East Africa, Natal and Cape 
Colony. 

53. Peru and Egypt. In the former on account of precipi- 



GEOGRAPHY. 173 

tation of moisture on sides of the Andes before it reaches there. 
The high mountains to the South precipitate the moisture and 
the Sahara Desert to the West dries up the warm-laden rain 
winds. . 

54. It is too far South to receive rains from the Westerly 
winds; too far north to get the benefit of the equatorial rain 
belt; and is swept by the northeast drying trades which become 
warmer as they approach the heat equator. It is '2/3 as large 
as the U. S. 

55. Seas: China, Japan, Sulu, Celebes, Banda, Koro, Ara- 
fura, Coral, Timor, Java, Flores, Sunda. 

Gulfs: Siam, Papua, Carpentaria, Cambridge, Tomini, Spen- 
cer, St. Vincent. 

Bays: Moreton, Great Australian, Sharks, Of Plenty, Hawke. 

Straits: Malacca, Sunda, Macassar, Molucca, Balba, Torres, 
Bass, Cook, Kandava, Nanuky. 

56. The outside or surface. An Artesian well at Paris is 
1,925 feet deep. 

57. As to origin: (1) Igneous, produced by action of heat. 
(2) Aqueous, settling of minerals in water. (3) Metamor- 
phic, made by action of heat, pressure, and moisture. 

58. As to condition: (1) Stratified, arranged in layers. 
(2) Unstratified, not arranged in layers. 

59. They are remains or imprints of plants and animals 
which have been buried under water or in damp earth. 

60. Azoic — period without life. 
Eozoic — dawn of life. 
Palaezoic — ancient life. 

Mesozoic — life bearing some resemblance to present life. 
Cenozoic — bearing decided resemblance to present life. 
Age of man — as at present. 

61. Continental, those near continents. 
Oceanic, those lying out in the seas. 

62. (a) Strain produced by slow cooling of interior causing 
portions to shrink from the crust making depressions, (b) 
Explosion of steam caused by water finding its way down into 
the red hot parts of the earth, (c) Shakings of the earth's 



174 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

crust caused by resistance of crust to unequal cooling or slip- 
ping of fissured rocks. 

63. Generally, towards the most shallow ocean. 

64. Facing the deepest oceans. 

65. (a) The air all about us. (b) Degree of heat found 
in the atmosphere. 

66. The sun warms the air which rises and cold air settles 
down to fill the vacuum; the motion of the earth sets these cur- 
rents or winds in motion. Waves are swinging motions of the 
water caused by the friction of winds, etc. 

67. Dew is moisture condensed by rapid cooling of the air 
after sunset. 

Frost is frozen dew. Hail consists of frozen particles of ice 
and snow carried by alternate whirlings of particles from snow 
clouds to rain clouds. Eain is falling water produced by air 
being overloaded with moisture. Snow is condensation of moint- 
ure when temperature is below 32°. 

68. Masses of ice formed in the region of perpetual snow 
and moving slowly down a mountain slope. Avalanches are 
masses of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain or 
breaking over a precipice. 

69. Cherrapunji, India; Desert of Sahara. 

70. Condition of a place regarding temperature, moisture, 
etc. Isothermals are lines connecting places having the same 
degree of temperature. Lines connecting places having the 
same time. 

71. Latitude, altitude, proximity to water, ocean currents, 
prevailing winds, slope of the land, character of the soil. 

72. In regions of heavy rainfalls near the equator wc have 
dense forests; next region of open forests; grassy lands princi- 
pally in the temperate zones; and tundras and ice fields beyond. 

73. Large and fierce animals, man-animals, giraffe, buffalo, 
etc., in torrid zone; domestic animals, bears, wolves, etc., in 
temperate zones ; bears, walruses, seals, etc. in frigid zones. Some 
exceptions are found on account of elevation. 

74. (a) Issuing from the Gulf of Mexico, flowing around 
Florida, North-east to Labrador where it divides, one branch 
going on past Iceland towards Spitzbergen and is lost in a cold 



GEOGRAPHY. 175 

current; the main branch bends to the east rounding the coast 
of Spain and northern Africa being lost in the Guinea and 
Equatorial currents. 

(b) The Japan current is a branch of the Equatorial issuing 
from near the island of Celebes, flowing just east of the Phil- 
ippines and Japan North-east losing its identity in the Arctic 
current in Behring strait. 

(c) One Arctic current issuing from Smith's strait flows down 
through Davis' strait to Newfoundland; another from the 
Northeast coast of Greenland flows Southwest to the same point 
where both meet the Gulf stream and an exchange is made in 
the way of counter currents running underneath in the oppo- 
site direction. 

75. The eddy water holds drift and seaweed which grows 
and remains in the stagnant pool. 

76. The form of animal life belonging to the Anthozoa which 
feeds itself extending from one trunk or branch to another — 
older ones dying — forming a place of deposit for sediment, etc., 
making Coral islands. 

77. Wells made by boring to such a depth that the pressure 
will force the water up. See 56. 

78. On Lake Superior; in Missouri; in Palestine; in Peru; 
the source of the Amazon. 

79. In 79 an eruption destroyed the cities of Herculaneum, 
Pompeii and Stabiae. Stromboli is an island having a constant 
active volcano. 

80. The lower limit of permanent snow on the mountains. 

81. The International Date Line for commerce is coincident 
with 180° of Longitude, but an island date line is located just 
east of Chatham Island thence Northeast to Tropic of Capri- 
corn — thence Northwest just cast of Samoa to Theso Islands — 
thence with parallel 180° from the Equator, passing Tropic of 
Cancer and bending to Northwest of Aleutian Islands to Behr- 
ing sea, thence Northeast through the sea and North through 
the strait. 

82. (a) It is much higher in the Southern part, (b) The 
average height is twice that of Europe. 



176 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

83. Italy — Silks^ fruits, tobacco, fibres, marble, china. 
Persia — Grains, fruits, tobacco, gums, silks, minerals, 

opium, carpets, pearls. 
Greece — Grains, cotton, fruits, tobacco, olives, wines, 

minerals 
Penn. — Minerals, grains, gas, cattle, manufactures. 
Illinois — Grains, fruits, vegetables, minerals, cattle, 

horses, sheep, manufactures. 

84. About six months of the year it flows in one direction, 
into the Amazon, and the rest of the year its waters find their 
way into the Orinoco in an opposite direction. 

85. London, N'ew York, Paris, Chicago, Canton (in China), 
Berlin, Vienna, Pekin, Tokio, Philadelphia. 

86. Cuba, Chile, Spain, Norway and Sweden, Italy, Swit- 
zerland, Great Britain and Ireland, Japan. 

87. The Valley of Paradise; The Land of Fire; Cold; 
Equator; Body of Christ; "I see the mountain"; The King's 
mill; King's Mountain; For the holy or. sacred ; Little Venice; 
Great Hill. 

88. Northern Pacific; Union Pacific; Southern Pacific; 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; New York Central & Hudson 
River. (Answers may differ.) 

89. Down the Kanawha to the Ohio, thence down the Ohio 
to Miss., down that stream to Gulf of Mexico, round Florida via 
Strait of Florida into the Atlantic Ocean, thence North to 
Charleston harbor. Take C. & 0. to Richmond, Southern to 
x\tlanta, then the Atlantic; or C. & 0. to Norfolk, thence via 
Coast Line. (Different routes may be given.) 

90. About 1650 miles. 

91. New Scotland; New Found land; City of the Gauls; 
City of Anne; Constantine's City. 

92. In Alaska, China, Arabia, East India, Salvador, Venezu- 
ela, Sumatra, New Zealand, Peru, Kongo State, Russia, Turkey, 
Bahama Islands, Virginia, respectively. (Answers may differ.) 

93. The Summer Solstice occurs when the sun shines directly 
upon the Northern Hemisphere causing not only long days but 
warm weather. This4s June 31 : The Winter solstice is just the 



GEOGRAPHY. 177 

reverse — thus the two hemispheres are just reversed as to length 
of days^ summer and winter. It occurs Dec. 22. 

94. Two clouds charged with different kinds of electricity 
attract each other so strongly that the resistance of the interven- 
ing air is overcome and the rush of electric currents together in 
a flash produces lightning. This makes a vacuum and as the air 
rushes back to fill it with a violent crash thunder is produced. 

95. Cirrus' — fleecy^ feathery high masses of vapor. 
Cumulus — Low, dense heaps of vapor. 
Nimbus — Any cloud from which rain is falling. 
Stratus — Sheets or layers of vapor seen in moirning or 

evening. 

96. Having the form or shape of an eclipse. The path of 
the earth in its orbit around the Sun. 

97. Where North and South Dakota States are now located, 

98. (a) Name given the marshy plains of Siberia. 
(1)) Name given the extensive plains of Orinoco, 
(c) Name given the extensive plains of Russia. 
(tl) Name given the extensive plains of Argentina. 

(e) Name given the extensive plains of Kansas. 

(f) Name given the fertile plains of a desert. 

(g) Name given the forest plains of the Amazon. 

99. Jupiter is more than thirteen times as large as the earth. 

100. (a) A body revolving around another planet, (b) A 
planet revolving around another planet, (c) Fire balls, masses 
of stone, etc., falling to the earth. (Answers may differ.) 

101. Point of a planet farthest from the sun; point near- 
est the sun. Terms, apogee and perigee apply similarly to the 
moon. 

102. Hot desert winds of Arabia and Syria; whirlwinds on 
the Indian ocean; whirlwinds, tornadoes, cyclones, and hurri- 
canes are all violent disturbances of the air caused by the meet- 
ing of opposite currents. 

103. All places situated on the same parallel as Bergen. 

104. The poles. 

105. China, Japan, India. 

106. Manchester, Lowell, Lawrence. 



178 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

107. (a) Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts Bay; ^ 
(b) Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard. 

108. Geysers are hot springs that, at certain intervals, throw 
up jets of hot water with great violence. Iceland, New Zealand, 
California. 

109. (a) Austin; (b) Galveston; (c) Trinity, Colorado; 
(d) cotton. 

110. Corsica was the birthplace of Napolean, and Elba was 
the place of his banishment. 

Mecca was the birthplace of Mohammed and the sacred city 
of the Mohammedans. 

Jerusalem was the ancient capital of Palestine. It is regard- 
ed by the Jews as their sacred city, and as a holy city by both 
Christians and Mohammedans. 

Palos is the Spanish part from which Columbus sailed Aug. 
3, 1492. 

Mt. Vesuvius is the most noted volcano in the world. See 79. 
Moscow was burned by the Russians in 1812, because of its 
occupancy by Napoleon and the French. 

111. (a) Baffin Bay and Atlantic Ocean; (b) Behring Sea 
and Arctic Ocean; (c) Lakes Michigan and Huron; (d) Sea 
of Marmora and the Black Sea. 

112. Honolulu. 

113. (a) On the north by the north parallel of 66° 30', on 
tlie south by the north parallel of 23° 30'. 

(b) By the south parallel of 66° 30' and 231/2°. 

114. White Sulphur Springs, in Greenbrier; Red Sulphur, 
in Monroe; Webster Springs, in Webster. 

115. Extent of its coast line (lake and sea), good harbors, 
its important railroads and canals. 

116. (a) The eastern and southern, (b) Greenland. 

117. Southeast. Because the surface of that part of the 
United States slopes from the Allegheny Mountains to the At- 
lantic Ocean. 

118. The Alps. Mt. Blanc. 

119. (a) It rises in the western part of Venezuela, flows 
east into the Atlantic Ocean, (b) It rises in the Kongo Free 



GEOGRAPHY. 179 

State, flows west into the Atlantic Ocean, (c) It rises in the 
x\lps and flows east into the Black Sea. 

120. (a) Pennsylvania, (b) South Carolina, (c) Louis- 
iana, (cl) California, New York, (e) New York, Michigan. 
(Other correct answers may be given.) 

121. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; Grand Trunk, 
Michigan Central. 

122. First Congressional District — The counties of Hancock, 

Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, Wetzel, Marion Harrison, 
and Lewis. 

Second Congressional District — The counties of Monon- 
galia, Preston, Taylor, Barbour, Tucker, Eandolph, 
Pendleton, Grant, Hardy, Mineral, Hampshire, Mor- 
gan, Berkeley and Jefferson. 

Third Congressional District — The counties of Kana- 
wha, Fayette, Summers, Monroe, Greenbrier, Nicho- 
las, Clay, Webster, Pocahontas and Upshur. 

Fourth Congressional District — The counties of Tyler, 
Pleasants, Wood. Jackson, Eoane, Braxton, Gilmer, 
Calhoun, Wirt, Eitchie and Doddridge. 

Fifth Congressional District — Counties of Mason, Put- 
nam, Cabell, Lincoln, Wayne, Boone, Logan, Ealeigh, 
Mingo, Wyoming, McDowell and Mercer. 

123. (1) Hancock, Brooke, Ohio. (2) Marshall, Wetzel, 
Tyler. (3) Pleasants, Wood, Wirt, Eitchie. (4) Mason, Jack- 
son, Eoane. (5) Cabell, Lincoln, Putnam. (6) Wayne, Mingo, 
McDowell, Wyoming. (7) Ealeigh, Mercer, Summers, Monroe. 
(8) Kanawha, Boone, Logan. (9) Fayette, Greenbrier, Nich- 
olas, Clay. (10) Callioun, Gilmer, Braxton, Webster, Pocahon- 
tas. (11) Monongalia, Marion, Taylor. (12) Doddridge, Har- 
rison, Lewis. (13) Barbour, Upshur, Eandolph, Pendleton. 
(14) Preston, Tucker, Grant, Hardy, Mineral. (15) Jeffersotn, 
Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire. 

124. Tropic of Capricorn 23 1/2° south latitude. Arctic 
Circle 6G 1/2° north latitude. 

125. (a) West Indies; (b) Falkland; (c) Philippines; 
(d) Madagascar; (e) New Zealand. 



180 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

126. Lower California — Pacific and Gulf of California ; Yu- 
catan — Bay of Campeacliy, Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Hon- 
duras. 

127. (a) Brahminism ; (b) Mohammedanism; (c) Budd- 
hism. 

128. (a) Shah; (b) Emperor, called Mikado; (c) Em- 
peror; (d) Czar; (e) Emperor. 

129. New Caledonia. 

130. One of the Sandwich Islands. 

131. The bones of the emu. 

132. Leaves are edgewise on the trees affording no shade. 

133. Australia. 

134. A colony for criminals. 

135. Magellan. Captain Cook. 

136. New York — Gotham, The Metropolis. 
Boston^The Hub. 

Philadelphia — City of Brotherly Love. 

Pittsburgh — Smoky City. 

Chicago— The White City. 

Cincinnati — The Queen City. 

Detroit — City of Straits. 

New Orleans — Crescent City. 

Lowell — City of Spindles. 

Nashville — City of Eocks. 

Duluth— Zenith City. 

New Haven — City of Elms. 

Little Eock — City of Eoses. 

Cleveland — The Forest City. 

Milwaukee — The Cream City. 

St. Paul and Minneapolis — Twin Cities. 

Wheeling— The Nail City. 



BOOKKEEPING. 181 

BOOK-KEEPING. (Questions.) 

1. What is book-keeping? 

2. Explain the difference between single and double entry 
in book-keeping. 

3. What are resources ? liabilities? 

4. What is an account current? What is gain? Net gain? 
Net loss? 

5. What is net capital? Debtor? Creditor? 

6. What is a transaction ? 

7. Name and define the books used in single entry. 

8. Define debit, credit, invoice. 

9. What is a journal? What is journalizing? 

10. What is a balance sheet? A trial balance? 

11. What is posting? opening? closing? 

12. What are personal, real and imaginary accounts? 

13. What are books of original entry? 

14. What is stock? Cash? Merchandise? 

15. Distinguish between Bills Payable and Bills Receivable. 

16. What items come under an expense account? 

17. To what account are gains and losses carried? 

18. When an account is settled by note, what entries are 
made? 

19. What is meant by drawer? indorser? assignor? vendor? 
auctioneer ? 

20. Define payee, indorsee, assignee, vendee. 

21. What is bankruptcy? 

22. Give five rules for journalizing. 

23. What is the difference between real and personal prop- 
erty? . 

24. Abbreviate the following terms: — account, creditor, 
merchandise, comptroller. 

25. For what do the following stand: — @, per, idem, act., 
ie, Jan, cur.? 

26. What is a bill of exchange? How drawn? 

27. How many and what kinds of commercial paper have 
we? 

28. What is meant by averaging accounts? 



182 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

29. Write an order such as a farmer would give an employee 
and enter the same for the merchant to whom it is given. 

30. Capital at beginning, $6000; Personal accts., at close 
of the year, $375.25; Cash on hand, $1450.75; Bills Eeceivable, 
$250; Stock, $5000; Bills Payable, $1180. Is it a gain or loss 
and how much? What is the actual capital at closing? 



BOOK-KEEPING. (Answers.) 

1. Book-keeping is science of accounts and the art of record- 
ing business transactions. 

2. Single entry means that only one entry is made for a 
debt or credit; whereas Double Entry means there must be a 
de])it opposite each and every credit entry and vice versa. 

3. Resources or assets includes all cash on hand, mdse on 
hand. Real Es.tate, Fixtures, Notes and debts due from others. 
Liabilities includes all debts and obligations requiring payment 
to others. 

4. It is a running account. Gain is the excess of capital 
at closing. Net gain is the excess of net capital at closing over 
net capital at begininng. Net loss is excess of net capital at be- 
ginning over net capital at closing. 

5. Net capital is the excess of resources over liabilities. A 
debtor is one who owes another. A creditor is one to whom a 
debt is owed. 

6. It is the act of buying or selling. 

7. Day book used for recording original transactions in 
order of their occurrence. Ledger, final book of entry, where all 
sums of original entry are grouped under appropriate headings 
and titles. 

Cash book exhibiting receipts and disbursements of all cash. 

Bill book showing all promissory notes and written obliga- 
tions received or issued. 

Invoice book for preserving a record of stock and all pur- 
chases of goods. 

Sales book exhibiting a record of all sales. 

8. Debit is to charge with a debt, and credit is an allowance 
to another for value received either on existing or anticipated 
indebtedness. 



BOOKKEEPING. 183 

Invoice is an itemized list of goods on hand, or purchased. 

9. A Journal is a book used in double entry for recording 
transactions as first written in the Day Book, Sales Book, In- 
voice Book and Cash Book. Journalizing is the proper state- 
ments necessary in transferring such entries to the Journal. 

10. The balance sheet as used in single entry is a compari- 
son of total credits and total debits in the Day Book and Ledger. 
A trial balance is the name given to the method of proving ac- 
counts in the Ledger in double entry. 

11. Posting is the process of transferring accounts from 
books of original entry to the ledger. Opening is debiting re- 
sources and the investment and crediting liabilities. Manner 
of arranging books showing proprietor's exact gain or loss, etc. 

12. Accounts kept with persons. Real accounts are those 
kept with persons property or firms. Imaginary accounts are 
those kept with fictitious titles as Stock, Expense, Profit and 
Loss, etc. 

13. Those which contain statements in detail of business 
transactions. 

14. It is a title to represent the person or firm conducting 
business. Cash includes all cash items as special, Bank bills, 
checks, drafts, etc. Mdse. includes all the usual articles of 
trade embraced under Dry Goods, Notions, Hats, Groceries, 
Hardware, Flour, Wheat, etc. 

15. Bills Payable are those written promises issued to others 
while Bills Receivable includes all written obigations due from 
others. 

16. Rent, Freight, Drayage, Fuel, Salaries, Insurance and 
all amounts necessary for carrying on the business. 

17. Stock. 

18. Credit the account and charge Bills Receivable. 

19. One who makes a note; one who signs a note becoming 
responsible thereby, for its payment; one making an assign- 
ment in business; a seller or pedler; one who sells good to the 
highest bidder. 

20. One to whom an obligation is to be paid; one to whom 
commercial paper is indorsed; one to whom an assignment is 



184 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

made for the benefit of creditors; the purchaser of peddled 
goods. 

21. Failing in business. 

22. Rule 1. The Proprietor is credited for the sum of his 
resources at the beginning of business, for all subsequent in- 
vestments, and for his net gain in the business. 

Rule 2. The Proprietor is debited for the sum of his liabili- 
ties at the beginning of business, for what he draws from the 
business, and for his net loss in the business. 

Rule 3. Persons are debited when thev become in debt to us, 
or when we get out of their debt. 

Rule 4. Persons are credited when we become in debt to them 
or when they get out of our debt. 

Rule 5. Property (Cash, Merchandise, Bills Payable, Bills 
Receivable, etc.) is debited when we receive it, and credited 
when we part with it. 

23. Real property includes lands, tenements and heredita- 
ments while all other property is classed as Personal. 

24. Acct., cr., mdse., comp. 

25. At, by, the same, aged, that is, January, currency. 

26. A bill of exchange is a written order from one person to 
another for a certain amount of money. Usually in triplicate. 

27. Ten. Promissory notes, Negotiable notes. Due bills, 
Notes for property. Orders for money or goods. Receipts for 
property, Receipts for all demands. Checks, Drafts, Bills of 
exchange. 

28. Finding the mean time for payment of several sums due 
at different dates. 

29. Charleston, W. Ya. 

m T TT-n -n^ I'eb. 23, 1904. 

W. J. Hill Esq. ' 

Please pay to John Lyons, or order, ten dollars in goods 

from your store and charge the same to 

$10.00 M. C. Tudor. 

DAY-BOOK. 
1904. M. C. Tudor Dr. 

Feb. 23 To order, John Lyons, mdse. $10.00 

30. Loss $104; Capital $5,896. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 185 

CIVIL GOVEENMENT. (Questions.) 

1. What is sovereignty? government? 

2. What is Civil Government? Military Government? 

3. Define law, constitution, preamble. 

4. Define despotism, monarchy and kinds, aristocracy, de- 
mocracy and kinds, and theocracy. 

5. Wherein did the Eepublic of Athens differ from ours? 

6. What is a party? a faction? 

• 7. Define Legislature, Congress and compare membership. 

8. How many and what departments of government in the 

U. S. ? Define each. 

9. What is the difference between majority and plurality? 

10. How does statute laAV differ from common law? 

11. What is a corporation ? a charter? 

12. What is meant by original and appellate jurisdiction ? 

13. What is the difference between verdict and judgment? 

14. What is treason? 

15. What is revolution? rebellion? 

16. Define felony, repreive, commutation, pardon. 

17. Define diplomacy, treaty. 

18. What is an e^ post facto law? 

19. What is a "Bill of Attainder ?'' 

20. In how many and what ways may a bill become a law ? 

21. How does an alien become a citizen? 

22. What is a Test Act? 

23. Define quorum, suffrage, ballot. 

24. What is the difference between majority and minority ? 

25. Distinguish between indictment and presentment. 

26. What is a Grand jury? How drawn? 

27. What is a Petit jury? 

28. Describe charter, proprietary, and royal government. 

29. What were some of the obvious defects in the Articles of 
Confederation ? 

30. In what did the idea of union originate in the IT. S. ? 

31. What are the objects proposed in the Constitution? 

32. How many articles in the document? How many amend- 
ments ? 



186 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

33. To what does the first article relate ? 

34. To what do the several articles relate? 

35. What rights are guaranteed in the first amendment? 

36. What modification of principles and what security of 
rights is guaranteed in each of the several amendments ? 

37. To what men do we owe the greatest debt of gratitude for 
the adoption of the Constitution? 

38. How are members of Congress elected? 

39. How is the president elected? 

40. How has the method of electing the president been 
changed ? 

41. What are the duties of a president? 

42. What are the duties of a vice president? 

43. Give briefly the duties of each cabinet officer. 

44. Name the principal standing committees of the House of 
Eepresentatives. 

45. How does the mode of electing a governor of your State 
differ from that of electing a president ? 

46. Give term, qualifications, etc., of U. S. Senators. Name 
them from your State. 

47. How many votes does each State cast for President? 

48. How is the president elected in case no one has a major- 
ity of the electoral votes ? the vice president ? 

49. What is meant by the "Presidential Succession Bill"? 
AVhen was it passed? Why? 

50. What is the difference between National and State 
courts ? 

51. Name the U. S. Courts and give salaries of judges. 

52. How do judges obtain office in the National Courts ? 
in the State Courts ? 

53. Why should they retain these positions so long? 

54. What is meant by a Writ of Habeas Corpus ? 

55. Who is Speaker of the House? 

56. Upon what does the government rest? 

57. What is the best way to increase patriotism or love of 
country in the schools? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 187 

58. What was the Magna charta? How and by wham 
granted ? 

59. What is meant by "eminent domain ?" 

GO. What is a writ of certiorari ? supersedeas ? 
61. What is a summons? a subpoena? 
63. Define warranty arrest. 

63. What is larcen}^, embezzlement, piracy? 

64. Define burglary, arson. 

65. Should the vice-president die who would assume his 
duties? Does he have a vote? Why? 

66. What is meant by the referendum system of govern- 
ment ? 

67. What is meant by ratification? (b) How is the Con- 
stitution amended? 

68. Define money, currency, and redemption. 

69. What is a tariff? Protective Tariff? Free Trade? 

70. Define taxes, excises, customs. 

71. What is meant by "High Seas?" 

72. What are letters of marque and reprisal? 

73. Wh^t is meant by "Contraband of War"? When and by 
whom w^as the term first applied to negroes? 

74. Distinguish between Ambassador and Minister. 

75. Name the Ambassadors to England, France, Germany, 
Russia, and Italy. 

76. What is a tax? 

77. Who are some of those who protect life and property? 

78. Why may money paid as taxes be considered, in a cer- 
tain sense, a loss? 

79. Why is it necessary for every one to be a good citizen? 

80. What are direct taxes? 

81. Why is it dishonest to seek to evade taxes? 

82. Why then is the assessor a very important person? 

83. What recent example have we of the collection of extra- 
ordinary taxes by the U. S. government? 

84. What are indirect taxes? 

85. Why are indirect taxes favored by the government? 

86. Why is the method of indirect taxation likely to be 
abused ? 



1.88 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

87. What is done when taxes are insufficient to pay govern- 
ment expenses? 

88. How did our national debt originate? 

89. What is a government bond? 

90. Why are such bonds convenient? 

91. What is the security for a national or state debt? 

92. What is meant by bankruptcy? 

93. Is a national debt ever a "national blessing'^ as some 
have asserted? 

94. How does the government get the money to pay the in- 
terest on its debt? 

95. What is a sinking fund? 

96. How is it usually managed? 

97. What is property and capital? 

98. What must a person do in order to gather capital? 

99. (a) What is meant by the term joint ballot? (b) Men- 
tion an officer so elected in this State. 

100. What are plenary powers of Congress? 

101. Name two most difficult problems to be solved by legis- 
lation. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT— (Answers.) 

1. The right of, or the right to exercise supreme power. 
Government is the power of a state or nation which exercises 
control. 

2. Control exercised by a state over citizens in time of peace; 
government in time of war. 

3. Law is a rule of action established by superior power 
commanding that which is right and prohibiting that which 
is wrong. Constitution is the supreme law of a country. Pre- 
amble is the part preceding a written constitution or docu- 
ment setting forth its objects and purposes. 

4. A government in which absolute control is exercised by 
a despot. 

An absolute monarchy is a country governed by one person 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 189 

whose will is law. A limited monarchy, one in which a legis- 
lative body assists in making laws. 

A rule by wealthy or social privileged classes. 

A pure democracy is where the people all have a voice in the 
government. In a republic the people choose representatives 
to make their laws. 

Government coming from God. 

5. In Athens the rulers were archons of whom one was the 
chief or head. A council of 400 prepared laws and an As- 
sembly passed or rejected them. See 20. 

6. A set of people advocating certain fixed principles; a 
division or part opposed to others for minor reasons. 

7. Law-making power of a State and nation (republic as 
ours) respectively. 

Qualifications higher in the latter; term longer because of 
dignity, and so forth. 

8. 1. Legislative or law-making power. 
2. Judicial or law-interpreting power. 
2. Executive or law-enforcing power. 

9. Majority means the number of votes one candidate or 
measure has in excess over all other candidates for same office 
or opposite questions, while plurality would mean the excess 
of votes of the successful man or measure over the next higher. 

.10. Statute law is .the enactment of measures by legislative 
bodies, whereas Common law is the observance of established 
customs which are recognized by judicial decisions. 

11. An organized association of persons having legal au- 
thority to transact business. 

A charter is a written guarantee of the enjoyment of certain 
rights in accordance with certain restrictions. 

12. Original jurisdiction is that exercised by a court when 
a case may originate or commence in it, while appellate, per- 
tains to jurisdiction in cases of appeal from a lower court. 

13. Verdict is the opinion of the jury in a cause, and judg- 
ment the concurrent decision of the Judge affirming the verdict. 

14. Treason consists in levying or making war against the 
U. S. or adhering to its enemies. 

15. An organized attempt to overthrow an existing govern- 



190 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

ment and establish a different one is rebellion. If successful, 
it becomes a revolution. 

16. Felony is any crime for which the punishment is death 
or confinement in the penitentiary. Eeprieve is the postpone- 
ment or delay for a time of the execution of sentence of death. 
Commutation is the exchanging of a penalty for one of less 
severity. Pardon consists in annulling the sentence and releas- 
ing the offender. 

17. The science of conducting negotiations between nations. 
An agreement between nations upon any subject. 

18. One passed after commitment of an act making the act 
criminal which was not before criminal. 

19. An act inflicting the death penalty upon a person ac- 
cused of crime, without a regular trial before a court. 

20. (1) By passing both houses of Congress and receiving 
signature of the president in a regular manner. (2) By pass- 
ing both houses and being sent to the president and vetoed and 
returned to the house in which it originated. Then if both 
houses pass it by two-thirds majority, it becomes a law. (3) If 
after passing both houses the bill remains with the president ten 
days (Sundays excepted) and is neither approved or vetoed, it 
becomes a law. . . 

21. By becoming naturalized after not less than five years 
residence. First papers declaring intention may be taken out 
at any time, but there must be at least two years between the 
first and second papers. 

22. Test Acts required an oath or declaration in favor of or 
against certain religious opinions, and our Constitution for- 
bids it. 

23. A majority; the right to vote; a ticket or number of 
tickets on one sheet. 

24. Majority means the greater number or more than half 
of a sum, while minority means less than half. 

25. The former is an accusation made by a grand jury upon 
evidence of witnesses, while the latter is founded upon the 
knowledge the grand jury has per se. 

26. A body of citizens (usually 23) summoned in every 
county several times in the year to inquire what crimes have 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 191 

been committed. The clerks choose them by lot from among 
citizens who are freeholders. 

27. It is a jury which tries the causes. Usually 30 are sum- 
moned, 12 used in a criminal cause, and, generally, six in a 
civil action. 

28. (a) Limited powers and rights vested in people by a 
king or government, (b) Power granted to and exercised by 
certain persons called proprietors, (c) Government under 
direct control of the king. 

29. It was weak because of imperfections; because it was 
framed with reference to operations of war rather than peace; 
there were no executive or judicial departments. 

30. The most powerful force which drew the colonies to- 
gether was the fact that each had an interest in the Northwest 
Territory. 

31. (1) To form a more perfect union. 

(2) To establish justice. 

(3) To insure domestic tranquillity. 

(4) To provide for the common defence. 

(5) To promote the general welfare. 

(6) To secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, etc. 

32. Seven. Fifteen. 

33. To Congress and its several powers. 

34. Art. II. Election, powers, duties of Executive. 
Art. III. Selection, powers, duties of Judiciary. 
Art. IV. Eelation of States and citizens of States. 
Art. V. How the Constitution may be amended? 
Art. VI. National debts; national oath; law. 

Art. VII. Provides for establishment. 

35. Freedom of press, pulpit, petition and speech. 

36. Second amendment — Eight to keep arms. 

Third amendment — Quartering of soldiers in residences. 
■' Fourth amendment — Against unreasonable search war- 

rants. 
Fifth amendment — Eights in criminal causes. 
Sixth amendment — Counsel, etc., for accused. 
Seventh amendment — Eelates to jury trials. 
Eighth amendment — Excessive punishments. 



192 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Ninth amendment — Eights guaranteed not named. 
Tenth amendment — Powers reserved to States. 
Eleventh amendment — Suits against States. 
Twelfth amendment — Changing manner of electing 
president. 

Thirteenth amendment — Abolishes slavery. 

Fourteenth amendment — Makes colored persons citi- 
zens. 

Fifteenth amendment — Extends suffrage to colored per- 
sons. 

37. Washington, Hamilton, Franklin, Madison. 

38. Members of the House of Eepresentatives are elected 
by the people. Senators are elected in the manner prescribed 
by State legislatures. 

39. Each State is entitled to as many electors as there are 
representatives in Congress. The set of electors receiving a 
plurality, at the election held the first Tuesday next after the 
first Monday in November every four years, meet in their re- 
spective capitals on the first Wednesday in December, sign and 
certify lists transmitting them sealed to the government, direct- 
ed to the president of the Senate. 

40. It was intended that electors should exercise their own 
judgment, hence there were no conventions. Now States have 
a uniform mode of selecting electors who simply carry out the 
wishes of the people as formerly expressed in conventions. 

41. He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy. 
He may grant reprieves and pardons. 

Prepares annual messages to Congress. 
Receives Ministers, Embassadors, etc. 
Executes laws, removes officials. 

With the Senate, appoints Embassadors, Ministers, etc. 
With the Senate, makes treaties. 
• 42. He presides over the Senate. 

43. (1) Secretary of State has charge of all business with 
other nations, is custodian of the seal, laws and 
documents. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 193 

(2) Secretary of Treasury has charge of collecting rev- 

enues, paying debts, coining money, having 
charge of it. 

(3) Secretary of War has charge of procuring supplies 

etc., for the army and signal service. 

(4) The Attorney General attends all suits in which 

the U. S. is interested and gives opinions in writ- 
ing to heads of departments when called upon. 
(5) The Postmaster General has charge of the mail, es- 
tablishment of offices, etc. 

(6) Secretary of the Navy does the same for this 

branch of the military as Sec. of War does for 
the Army. 

(7) Secretary of the Interior looks after the census, 

public lands, Indians, pensions and patents. 

(8) Secretary of Agriculture and 

(9) Secretary of Commerce and Labor are each self 

explanatory as to duties. 

44. On Ways and Means, On Privileges, On Elections, On 
River and Harbor Appropriations. (Answers may differ.) 

45. People vote directly for governor, whereas in the latter 
case they only vote for electors. See 39. 

46. Six years. They must be at least 30 years of age, 9 years 
a resident of the U. S. and an inhabitant of the State for which 
chosen. Stephen B. Elkins and Nathan B. Scott. 

47. See 39. 

48. By the House of Representatives. By the Senate. 

49. That the Cabinet officers succeed in regular order as 
chief executive in case of conspiracy, etc. As from 1 to 7 in- 
clusive in answer 43. In 1886. The law at the time of the 
death of Hendricks, vice president, would have placed Davis, 
president pro. tem. of the Senate, a Republican, in the chair in 
case of Cleveland's death or inability to act. The fear of sud- 
den changing of political policies was the real cause. 

50. Extent of jurisdiction, nature of causes, term of judges, 
methods of selecting judges, etc. 



194 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

51. Supreme Court— $10,000 each per year. 
Court of Appeals— $10,000 each per yea.r. 
Circuit Courts— $6,000 each per year. 
Districts Courts— $3,500 to $5,000 each per year. 

52. Appointed by president for life, (b) Elected by the 
people. 

53. They become better fitted for the work by experience and 
study. 

54. It is a writ commanding custodian of a prisoner to pro- 
duce him in court and show cause why he is held. 

55. Hon. Joseph G. Cannon of Illinois. 

56. Upon the will and temperament of the people. 

57. By supplementing lessons in history, government, geog- 
raphy with patriotic recitations. Have a flag in each school 
room. Teach duties of citizenship. 

58. The "Great Charter" of liberties which King John was 
forced to grant his subjects by the English nobles in 1215. 

59. It is the right of a state or government to take private 
property for public use by paying a just compensation for the 
same. 

60. (a) A writ issuing out of chancery or a superior court 
calling up the records of an inferior court or removing the cause 
then pending that errors and irregularities may be corrected, 
(b) A writ of command to suspend the powers of an officer in 
certain cases or to stay proceedings under another writ. 

61. First writ issuing out of a court at the instance of the 
plaintiff, and served upon the defendant, requiring him to ap- 
pear in court. A writ from the court commanding witnesses to 
attend the trial. 

62. A writ issued by a magistrate or court authorizing an 
officer to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search, or to do other 
acts incident to the administration of justice. The taking or ap- 
prehending of a person by authority of law. 

63. (a) The wrongful taking of another's personal property 

with the intent to deprive him of it permanently. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 195 

(b) Fraudulently taking with intent to apply to one's 

own use property or money intrusted to him by 
another. 

(c) Forcible robbery or depredation upon the high seas. 

64. (a) Forcibly breaking into and entering in the night 

time the dwelling house of another with intent 
to commit a crime, 
(b) The malicious burning of any dwelling house, shop, 
barn or other building which is the property of 
another, 

65. The Senate elects a president pro tem. from their own 
number. Yes, because each state should have equal representa- 
tion. 

QQ. The right to approve or reject by popular vote a measure 
passed by a legislative body. 

67. The act of confirndng or sanctioning a treaty, docu- 
ment, constitution, etc. ]N"ine states were to ratify the consti- 
tution before it went into effect, (b) Propositions to amend 
must have the approval of at least two-thirds of Congress or the 
legislatures of tivo-thirds of the States, and be ratified by three- 
fourths of the states. 

68. A piece of metal, certificate or stamped promise issued 
by sovereign authority passing as a medium of exchange. That 
which is given and taken in circulation as having representative 
value. Performance of an obligation by maki^g payment to the 
holder or the liberation of an estate from mortgages, etc. 

69. (a) Schedule of duties, (b) A levying of duties upon 
imports having in view the protection of the commercial inter- 
ests of this country thus encouraging and protecting manufac- 
turing interests, (c) A free interchange of commodities of 
two or more countries unburdened by excessive fiscal duties. 

70. (a) Money raised for the support of a government or 

state. 

(b) Duties on goods manufactured and used here. 

(c) Duties on goods manufactured abroad. 

71. The waters of the sea beyond low water mark or not 
included within the jurisdiction of a country. 



196 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

72. Commissions issued by a government to private persons 
authorizing them to seize the property of a foreign nation or 
subjects as reparation for injury — as in time of war. 

73. Certain articles which neutrals have no right to supply 
to either belligerent because they are directly useful in the prose- 
cution of the war. By Gen. B. F. Butler when in command of 
Fortress Monroe in Virginia. 

74. An ambassador is a regular representative of the highest 
authority to a foreign nation while a minister is a regular rep- 
resentative in a less degree. 

75. Great Britain — Jos. H. Choate. 
France — Horace Porter. 
Germany — Charlemagne Tower. 
Eussia — Eobert S. McCormick. 
Italy — George Yon Lenerke Meyer. 

76. A tax is what the citizen pays out of his earnings or 
wealth or both, to help meet the expense of protecting his life 
and property. 

77. Policemen, constables and militiamen are among those 
delegated by the citizens to keep the lawless in check ; the health 
officers see that no nuisance is maintained that will breed disease ; 
the street committee of the town board or city council see that 
the roads are kept in repair, in order that no one shall be injured 
in the public highway. 

78. All taxes imposed to pay the cost of preserving peace, 
protecting life and property, dispensing justice, and punishing 
criminals, are loss. They are so much taken from the savings 
of the nation and flung into the fire. If all men were honest, 
peaceable and just, there would be lighter taxes, and, of course, 
the more comfort and enjoyment in the world for all. Every 
thief, burglar, robber, murderer, every miserly grasping, unjust 
man in the community, makes it the poorer, and takes something 
from the comfort of every honest man. 

79. It is important that every one shall be a good citizen, 
hence, too, the importance of general education, which tends 
towards virtuous conduct, because it better enables men to get 
an honest living; of just, equal and stable laws, because they 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 197 

tend to make men just and honest. Taxes, for the most part, 
are costly penalties of vice,, ignorance and selfishness. 

80. Direct taxes are those laid on real estate and on personal 
property in actnal use, on incomes, and on polls or heads. The 
expenses of the town, connty and state government are all paid 
by these taxes. 

81. Because man is supposed to pay taxes in proportion to 
the amount of property he owns. If, by any means, he gets a 
lower rating than he ought to, to make up for it somebody else 
must be assessed higher than he ought to be. The good citizen 
will want to pay his share and not seek to throw his burden on 
some one else. 

82. Because if he does not put a proper valuation on prop- 
erty, if he assesses one man high and other men low, he is doing 
injustice. It must be recollected that his figures are taken as 
the basis for apportioning the taxes among citizens of his county. 

83. During the war with Spain, in order to meet the extra 
expense, a stamp tax was imposed. The stamps were placed on 
deeds, telegrams, checks, mortgages, patent medicines, etc. 

84:. Indirect taxes are duties levied on goods imported or on 
goods manufactured for sale at home ; in the latter case they are 
called excises. But the importer or merchant does not lose the 
amount of the tax, for he adds it to the price of his goods. 

85. When taxes are assessed directly people know how much 
they are paying. If they are too high they may object. Indirect 
taxes being added to the price of articles purchased, buyers can- 
not tell just how much they are paying. Hence such taxes are 
easier to collect. 

86. Because any system not open to full view of the public is 
likely to be abused. It might lead selfish and scheming persons 
to impose on Congress, by inducing that body to impose a tax 
where the general interest reqtiires none. 

87. In case there is not enough money collected to pay the 
expenses, the community as a corporation borrows money. Thus 
arise national, state, county, or city debts. 

88. The cost of carrying on the war to maintain the Union 
was so great that it could not be paid out of taxes, without op- 



198 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

pressing the people. Hence the government borrowed vast sums 
of money. This was done by a process called "selling bonds." 

89. It is a certificate from the government certifying that 
the holder of the bond will receive a stipulated sum with interest 
at a given per cent.^ payable at fixed periods. The whole amount 
of the issue is also fixed at the same time. 

90. It is more convenient for a government or corporation 
to prepare such bonds and offer them for sale than to send agents 
around borrowing money. 

91. The honesty of the people. Private corporations such as 
railroads can be sold out. Their bonds are true mortgage bonds 
whose owners can foreclose and sell the property pledged as se- 
curity for payment. 

92. If a person owes so much money that to pay interest on 
it requires the greater part of his income this will soon cause 
him great embarrassment. If he has little or no property, and 
is hopelessly in debt^, he becomes a bankrupt. On surrendering 
all to his creditors^ the debt is cancelled under the bankrupt law. 
But a nation or city has no property to sell or give up to credit- 
ors; it cannot go into bankruptcy. It must pay. 

.93. A debt is never a blessing for a nation or an individual 
any more than a lame foot or curvature of the spine. By send- 
ing money or products abroad to pay both principal and interest 
of our foreign debts, we are the poorer for this kind of a tax. 

94. By taxation. Heavy debts therefore cripple industries. 

95. A financial plan invented by William Pitt, an English 
minister. It is the setting aside each year of a certain proportion 
of the income of a nation or corporation for the rej^ayment of a 
debt. 

96. A part of the revenue is set aside yearly to pay the prin- 
cipal of the debt when it becomes due. The sum so set apart 
is put on interest, and this interest is again invested, and thus 
compounded. In time a sinking fund may be made, out of a 
small beginning, to pay off a large debt. 

97. "Wliatever a person earns, produces or creates by his 
labor or thought is his property. If he produces more than he 
consumes what remains over is his own to which he has the sole 
right against other persons. This remainder or surplus is 



THEORY AND ART. 199 

called capital. If it be a dollar or a million dollars; invested in 
a spade, yoke of oxen, steam engine, or in business — it is capital 
all the same. 

98. Capital might be called the net profit of labor, if it 
were not for another required element, self-denial or economy. 
For it is possible to destroy by consumption or waste or both 
all that is earned. 

99. (a) When both houses of the Legislature vote together 
as one body. 

(b) United States Senator. 

100. Absolute powers of Congress as enumerated in section 
8 of Article I. of the Constitution. Such as collecting taxes 
declaring war, coining mone}^, granting letters of marque and 
reprisal, etc., 29 in all. 

101. Proper control respecting regulation of the restriction 
of immigration and "trusts." 



THEORY AND ART. (Questions.) 

1. How would you organize a school? 

2. What manner of spirit should the teacher possess? 

3. What motive, moral or pecuniary, should govern an in- 
structor ? 

4. What especial preparation should the teacher have? 

5. Classify the responsibilities. 

6. What is your idea of ventilation ? 

7. What appearance should the schoolroom have? 

8. Why is a knowledge of psychology valuable for a teacher? 

9. Describe the order of studies to be pursued by pupils. 

10. How should the teacher look upon skepticism? 

11. What should he do regarding sectarianism? 

12. What of the teacher^s personal habits ? 

13. Should the teacher look after the habits of pupils ? 

14. What should be his order ? Courtesy ? 

15. What about punctuality? 

16. What general character should the teacher have? 



200 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER, 

17. Of what value are the subjects of logic, rhetoric, music, 
foreign languages, geometry and algebra to the common school 
teacher ? 

18. What should pupils be taught outside the realm of text- 
books ? 

19. What is meant by the "Pouring in process?" 

20. What is the right mode of instruction? 

21. What is the "Drawing out process?" 

22. How would you obtain variety in the recitation? 

23. How would you arouse the energies of the mind? 

24. Give ten hints on conducting recitations. 

25. What is the natural order of presenting any subject? 

26. What is the best way to excite interest ? 

27. What incentives should be placed before pupils? 

28. What is emulation? 

29. Which kind do you prefer? 

30. What is your view of prizes ? 

31. Do prizes reward effort or success? 

32. What is school government? 

33. Mention the elements of a good disciplinarian. 

34. What 7nemis should be used to secure good order ? 

35. Should a teacher request a vicious pupil to do a favor 
for him? 

36. Should a set of rules be written out for the school? 

37. What is punishment? 

38.' What two general classes of punishment? 

39. What is corporal punishemnt ? Is it right? 

40. What is your idea of recesses? 

41. How assign lessons? 

42. Do you believe in public examinations? 

43. What of the teacher's relation to his profession? 

44. What helps are found in Institutes and Associations? 

45. What of the teacher's physical qualifications ? 

46. Explain processes required during objective, transition 
and subjective periods of child's life. 

47. What is recreation? How should it be observed? 

48. How is the will educated ? 



THEORY AND ART. 201 

49. What of conscience? affection? 

50. What is the science of Education? 

51. Give Spencer's definition of education. 

52. What are the sensibilities? 

53. What did Froebel do? Pestalozzi? Comenius? Hor- 
ace Mann? Eousseau? 

54. What is perception ? a percept? 

55. What is a general concept? 

56. Define memory. 

57. Name in order of development the faculties of the mind. 

58. What is understanding ? 

59. Define intuition. 

60. What is abstraction ? 

61. State the difference between inductive and deductive 
reasoning. 

62. How should the memory be cultivated? 

63. How would you cultivate attention? 

64. Name five educational laws. 

65. Give ten principles of instruction. 

66. What are the rewards of a teacher? 

67. What is meant by appealing to the child's honor? 

68. In what part of the school course should those things be 
taught that appeal chiefly to a. the memory; h. the reasoning 
powers? Give illustrations and state reasons for your answers. 

69. Name two things that determine the strength of the 
memory. 

70. Pupils sometimes pass an examination in arithmetic 
when only twelve or thirteen years of age and never pursue the 
subject afterAvard. Is this wise? Give reasons for your an- 
swer. 

71. Both the immediate and the ultimate results should be 
considered in our teaching, a. Which is the more easily deter- 
mined ? h. Which is the more important? Give reasons for 
your answers. 

72. Give two reasons why insufficiently lighted rooms are 
objectionable. 



302 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

73. Discuss this question: Should the records. of the schol- 
arship of pupils be kept in per cents. ? 

74. State what advantage is to be derived by tracing some 
parallel of latitude around the earth, noting the important 
cities, lakes, mountains, rivers, etc., on or near it. 



THEOEY AND ART. (Answers.) 

1. (1) Go to a new neighborhood two or three days before 

school opens. 

(2) Secure a boarding place not too near the school. 

(3) Obtain key to school-room; see if it be clean, etc. 

(4) Profit by an examination of the old register. 

(5) Be at school early the first day. 

(6) Converse with pupils; ask their assistance. 

(7) Be natural — not over effusive nor dignified. 

(8) Permit pupils to seat themselves very much as they 

like. 

(9) Read a chapter from the Bible without comment. 

(10) Have pupils join you in singing some familiar song 

or repeating the Lord's Prayer. 

(11) Opening remarks; no rules but "Do right"; noth- 

ing on conduct the first day unless forced to give 
it. 

(12) Call the roll from old register and alter as sug- 

gested. 

(13) Regular allotment of seats. 

(14) Have a temporary programme of work and carry 

it out. 

(15) In assigning lessons, better review lessons last re- 

cited under previous teacher. 

2. He should desire to be useful; endeavor to elevate human- 
ity; look upon the wealth of the world as dross compared with 
the polishing of the child's soul; inquire what is right; dread 
that which is wrong; seek no reward but that of an approving 
conscience and an approving God. 



THEORY AND ART. 203 

3. The moral, to be sure; yet a grateful people should am- 
ply compensate the diligent teacher. 

4. He should have an Academic and professional training. 

5. Personal Example; physical welfare of pupils; moral 
training of pupils ; intellectual growth of pupils ; general re- 
?ponsibilities, as to school board, community, the profession, 
himself. 

6. In city schools fans should be used to force in the pure 
air. Openings for the former near the ceiling, for the latter 
about two feet from the floor. In rural schools, place the stove 
in corner of room near chimne}', inclose it in a sheet iron 
jacket, leaving a space of two feet betw^een jacket and stove. 
Jacket should be six feet high with an opening for supplying 
stove with fuel. Now a cold air duct from outside of building 
under the floor opening beneath the stove is just the thing. In 
opposite corner have escape air flue. 

7. Size, lighting, heating, seating, ventilating should be ar- 
ranged properly. If j^ossible, have cloak rooms, plenty of black- 
board space, store room containing such apparatus as diction- 
ary, maps, globes, mathematical blocks, books, etc. Do some 
decorating and endeavor to make the school room as attractive 
as the best homes. 

8. As there is a natural mind-growth, an instructor should 
hiiow what it is, profiting thereby, rather than experiment. 

9. Eeading and Writing. Spelling and Defining, Mental 
Arithmetic, Language Lessons, Geography, History, Practical 
Arithmetic, Grammar, Literature, Book-keeping, Civil Govern- 
ment, General History, Algebra, (Answers may differ). 

10. With disfavor. 

11. Our public schools being supported by all the tax-pay- 
ers, there will be children of different denominations and diver- 
gent religious views, hence no teacher should attempt to crowd 
upon pupils his ideas of theology. 

12. He should be (1) neat, (2) orderly, (3) courteous, 
in language and manner, (4) punctual, (5) studious. 

13. To a limited extent he should. 

14. (a) Everything should have its proper place; books, 
clothing, desk^ etc. (b) Use no slang; avoid sarcasm; avoid 



204 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

profanity; be accurate; be polite; respect pupils and parents; 
impress by precept; encourage with smile of approbation. 

15. The teacher should be present before school opens; dis- 
miss on time; be punctual at engagements, meals, study hours, 
exercise, retiring and rising. 

16. The teacher should be: (1) genuine, whole-souled, 
honest, manly and true; (2) patient, S3^mpathetic, possessed 
of love for children • ( 3 ) ha|)py in disposition ; free from physi- 
cal impediments; capable of speaking and thinking logically 
and clearly; an altruist. All of these in addition to answers in 
12, 2, 4, etc., make up the character an ideal teacher should 
have. 

17. (a) As a means of discipline. 

(b) As a means of cultivation of taste. 

(c) It cultivates finer feelings of nature. 

(d) As a means of better understanding English from 

root formations and for expression. 

(e) It gives mind-discipline and precision. 

(f) Almost indispensable as a brain developer and 

guide to easier solutions of problems. 

18. Their power of observation should be cultivated; their 
sense of perception quickened; desire for acquisition of knowl- 
edge increased. 

19. The habit of lecturing or telling it all to pupils by the 
teacher. 

20. Instruct just enough to put the pupil in search of the 
truth, and then leave to him the victory of achievement. 

21. This consists in asking pupils leading questions, finally 
drawing out result upon suggestions of the teacher. 

22. This may be done in different ways. Assign topics to 
some; require others to correct or supplement same; ordinary 
question method; essays, occasionall}', etc.; imj^ersonations. 

23. (1) By a general exercise occasionally such as a les- 

son on a leaf, flower, ear of corn, habits of ani- 
mals, uses of wood, coal, etc. 
(2) Inculcate the practice of consulting dictionaries, 
and encyclopedias. 



THEORY AND ART. 



205 



24. 



(3) liequcst newspaper clippings of great events from 
pupils and discuss them at the general period. 

Understand thoroughly what you attempt to teach. 

Carefully prepare for each lesson assigned. 

Use English fluently and correctly. 

Have proper animation. 

i^ever proceed without attention. 

Avoid a formal routine. 

Use intelligible language in explanations. 

Eequire prompt and accurate reciting. 

Rely not too much upon simultaneous recitation. 
(10) Use square cards having names of all pupils in 
advanced classes written in small squares there- 
on, as they admit of many methods of calling 
upon pupils. Something like this : 



(1 

(-2 
(3 

(i 
(5 
(6 

{' 
(8 
(9 



A 


B 


C 


D 


E 


F 


G 


H 


I 


J 


K 


L 


M 


N 






25. The teacher should tell how the advance lesson is to be 
learned, and encourage learners to study the subject rather than 
the book. See 64 and 65. 

26. By arousing the latent energies of the mind. See 23. 

27. Self-emulation, iVpprobation, Advancement, Usefulness, 
Doing right. Acquisition, Duty. A desire upon the part of the 
pupil for all these. 

28. It may mean a desire for improvement, progress or 
growth — an aspiration to surpass one's self; or the desire of 
surpassing others for the purpose of applause — self-gratifica- 
tion. 

29. The former. See 27 and 28. 

30. Prizes should not be given except for things which all 
can compete w4th equal chance as : Dejiortment, neatness, 
punctuality, etc. When given it is better that they be given by 



206 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

outsiders and that the judges be persons not connected with the 
schooL Generally speaking, they should not be offered because 
of the unworthy means of the stimulus. The animosities and 
prejudices aroused can never be effaced. 

31. They reward success rather than effort — a main objec- 
tion to their use. 

33. It is the administration of school affairs in such a man- 
ner as to secure the protection of the rights of every individual 
child and the maintenance of the good name of the school as a 
whole. 

33. System, energy, vigilance, self-control, confidence, cul- 
ture, love, personal magnetism, executive ability, will-power, 
teaching-power, impartiality, power to punish. 

34. A strict regard for obedience, and formation of best 
habits, appeals to honor and reason. 

35. At times, under certain circumstances, yes. It often 
has a good effect. 

36. No. But some rules are implied while others may be 
formulated from time to time as exigencies arise. 

37. Punishment is pain inflicted upon the mind or body of 
an individual, by the authority to which he is subject; with a 
view either to reform him, or to deter others from committing 
the same offense or both. 

38. Proper and Impioper. 

39. The inflicting of bodily pain for the purpose of correct- 
ing offenses. It may be done with a rod or switch applied to the 
offender's back, or it may be any physical torture by other 
means. Answers differ as to whether it is right. We think it 
should be the last resort and then that it shows weakness upon 
the part of the teacher. 

40. In primary or ungraded schools attended by pupils un- 
der ten years of age, about one-third of the time should be de- 
voted to recesses. Possibly ten minutes in each hour at regular 
periods, with an hour and a half at noon. Opinions differ with 
different circumstances. 

41. Before recitation, assign and explain method of prepar- 
ing succeeding lesson. 

42. If properly conducted they are a necessary adjunct to 



THEORY AND ART. 207 

test ability, act as incentives to thorough work, and secure data 
for promotion. They should be both oral and written and not 
given too frequently. 

43. He should labor diligently to improve himself by a course 
of professional reading; by pursuing systematically a course of 
general study; by a well kept journal; imparting information 
and receiving the same from others as in Institutes, Teachers' 
meetings, association with cultured persons; use of the pen; 
avoiding servility and undue self-sufficiency. 

44. Experience of elders to guide young teachers ; encourage- 
ment and strength by being brought together with co-workers; 
the engendering of a professional feeling ; the best current meth- 
ods of instruction and government. 

45. He should have good health and preserve it by hygienic 
rules. 

46. In general, they are Present ative, Eepresentative and 
Thought processes; but more minutely we should say, senses de- 
veloped and trained by objects, observation exercises, including 
nature study; general science methods; growth of civilization; 
original research, etc. 

47. (a) Eefreshment of the strength and spirits after toil, 
or any pleasant diversion, (b) Kegularly at stated intervals. 

48. By impulsive and reflex movements of the muscles which 
through efforts at repetition, at last, become volitional. 

49. (a) It is the activity of the mind which insists that the 
decisions of judgment shall in all cases be respected and obeyed. 
A feeling of disapprobation follows when we do not obey con- 
science, yet education will change its sensibility, (b) Feelings 
of good-Avill or ill-will appearing to go out towards persons or ob- 
jects. As commonly used they mean only the former set of feel- 
ings. 

50. Any process or act which results in the acquirement of 
knowledge, power, or skill, or, perhaps, better; a determination 
and arrangement of laws governing physical and mental activ- 
ities of mankind. 

51. Education is such a correct development of the physical, 
intellectual and moral qualifications of man as to create a har- 
monious whole. It teaches us to live completely. 



208 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

52. The mental states of pleasure and pain classified under 
the three heads of emotions, affections and desires. 

53. The first three were German reformers. 
Froebel founded the Kindergarten. 
Pestalozzi wrote "Leonard and Gertrude." 

Comenius wrote "Primary Instruction." The two latter 
taught that if pupils are inattentive and do not learn, 
it is the teacher's fault. 

Horace Mann was a great American educator and refor- 
mer — author of "Lectures." 

Eousseau wrote "Emile" — a work showing deficiencies in 
French education at that time. 

54. Perception, as a power, is the ability of the mind to know 
immediately and directly objects outside of itself. 

Perception as an act, is the mind knowing immediately 
and directly objects outside of itself. 
A percept is a complete mental product of the act of perceiving, 

55. A mental product of the conceptive acting or the mental 
notion of a class of objects. 

56. The power of the mind to retain, reproduce, and reknow 
its acquisitions. 

57. Sensation, perception, memory, imagination, conception, 
judgment and reason. 

58. The faculty of knowing by medium or use of general 
conceptions and relations. 

59. That power of the mind which makes us acquainted with 
simple, primary ideas and truths. Self-evident truths accepted 
without evidence. 

60. The process by which any element of the complex or 
compound is taken away from the other part for special consid- 
eration. 

61. The process of passing from particulars to generals in 
arriving at a conclusion or whole is induction, while the oppo- 
site is deduction or deductive reasoning. 

62. Concentration of mental activity or attention upon the 
thing to be so learned. Do not attempt to commit too much. 
Memorize nothing unworthy to hold a place in your mind. Con- 
stant repetition aids young pupils in retention. 



THEORY AND ART. 209 

63. By allurements, incitements, external or internal entice- 
ments which are natural, agreeable and wholesome. Note dif- 
ferences between voluntary and involuntary attention, cultivat- 
ing the former indirectly. Eegard must be had for physical and 
mental conditions and environments. 

Do not attempt too much at one time. 

64. (1) Know thoroughly what you attempt to teach. 

(2) Adapt teaching to capacity of pupils. 

(3) The first instruction should be inductive, then de- 
ductive. 

(4) The order must correspond to the order of mind- 
growth. 

(5) Secure attention by holding the interest. See 63. 

65. (1) Proceed from the knoTvn to the related unknown. 

(2) From particulars to the generals. 

(3) From the concrete to the abstract. 

(4) From the strange to the related familiar. 

(5) Observation should precede reasoning. 

(6) Primary concepts and ideas must be taught ob- 
jectively. 

(7) Clear and correct ideas should inspire and guide 
practice. 

(8) Train the several powers of the mind developing 
a natural harmonious whole. 

(9) Knowledge can only be taught by the appropriate 
activity of the learner's mind. 

(10) Teaching must be adapted to the capability of the 
taught. 

(Answers will diifer.) 

66. (1) Means of intellectual growth. 
(2) Means of moral growth. 

. (3) A consciousness of improvement in the art. 

(4) The witnessing of mind-growth. 

(5) Consciousness of being engaged in an honorable 
calling. 

(6) The grateful remembrance of pupils and friends. 

(7) The approval of friends and Heaven. 



210 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

67. If a pupil be thoroughly repentant for an infringement 
he has committed, an appeal to his better judgement will often 
make him anxious to do better and atone for the offense. 

This appeal to the child's honor often forgoes punishment. 

68. (a) The early part, (b) The later part. Impressions 
are easily made on the young child's mind, but he has not receiv- 
ed that general knowledge necessary for reasoning which comes 
as he passes from stage to stage through his school life. 

A boy might memorize the following quotation from Milton 
in the second grade, but he could not realize its full significance, 
as his stock of facts relating to its meaning is too meager at 
this age: "They also serve who only stand and wait." 

69. Interest is necessary to attention and upon attention de- 
pends success in memorizing. Habit, the condition of mind or 
body which is manifested in the tendency to unconscious repeti- 
tion of acts or states, is an important element of memory. 

70. No. Arithmetic is a tool; to acquire skill repetition is 
necessary. The reasoning faculties of a mind twelve years' old 
have been stimulated only, and practical skill is not yet acquired. 

71. (a) Immediate results are important, as they give en- 
couragement and measure success, (b) But ultimate results 
bear upon the child's future, and must underlie all plans of 
school work. 

72. It is harmful to the eye and causes a nervous strain in- 
juring the general health. 

73. In the lower grades it is not desirable or practical, as a 
child can not be accurately marked and many days only a very 
limited number can recite in the brief allotted period. 

In the upper grades it may be wise for several reasons. Mark- 
ing in per cent, is often beneficial in making pupils more careful. 

74. It answers as a center around which many facts are 
grouped, thus aiding the memory in retaining them by the rela- 
tions established and the comparisons made. 



APPENDIX. 211 



APPENDIX. 



Containing all the questions and answers used in the Uniform 
Examinations in 1904 and some of those used in 1903. 

(See 16th, etc., under heading in a set of answers, refers to 
same subject in the main body of the "Examiner.") 

Many answers to these questions from the pens of W. G. 
Brown, David Dale Johnson, Charles H. Ambler, and D. M. 
Willis possessed such special merit that they were given prefer- 
ence verbatim. 



312 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

State of West Virginia. 
Department of Free Schools. 



EULES GOVEKNING UNIFOEM EXAMINATIONS. 

1 — Packages of questions must remain under seal until the 
candidates have filled out the enrollment cards and are ready to 
begin their work, then they should be opened in the presence of 
the applicants. 

2 — Questions for each half day's work only are to be opened 
at the beginning of that half day. 

3: — The County Superintendent should first distribute the en- 
rollment cards, the rules, the instructions and the paper, and 
then when all are ready to begin work, the questions should be 
opened. 

4 — The examination blanks properly filled out, must be sent to 
the State Superintendent's office with the manuscript. 

5 — Applicants should be present at the hour for opening and 
in no case ftiay they be admitted after the second branch has 
been passed. • 

6 — No candidate shall leave the room 7io7' communicate in any 
manner with any one during the examination except for impera- 
tive reasons, and then only by permission of all the examiners. 

7 — All applicants are required to pay a fee of two dollars to 
the County Superintendent. (Sec. 28a, paragraph 10, School 
Law.) 

8 — When all the applicants have finished a branch and in no 
instance later than the close of each half day's work, the exam- 
iners will collect, wrap up carefully and seal the manuscript on 
each subject. These packages must then be kept under careful 
scrutiny until shipped to this office. At once after the close of the 
examination all these packages of manuscript must be securely 
strapped in one bundle, prx>perly addressed and sent by express, 
prepaid, to the State Superintendent of Schools, Charleston, 
West Virginia. 

9 — Examiners are not permitted to explain questions, not 
even typographical errors. All questions are presumably intelli- 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 213 

gible and any reasonable construction of the language will be 
accepted. 

10 — No time limit has been fixed for the different branches 
but at the beginning of each half day the County Suijerlnterid- 
ent or Board of Examiners shovld designate the exact time 
limits for each branch of that half day. This rule must be 
faithfully observed by all. It is suggested that ten hours be 
allowed for the examination each day if applicants desire so 
much. By beginning at 8 a. m. on Thursday and as early as 7 
a. m. on Friday we think all will have sufficient time to com- 
i^lete their manuscript. 

11 — No person will be allowed in the room except those taking 
the examination. Each applicant must be seated at a separate 
desk. 

12 — No one will be allowed to give or to receive assistance in 
any manner whatever during the examination. Neither should 
applicants allow their manuscripts to remain open in sight of 
those sitting near. A good plan when a page is finished is to 
place it under the sheet then being used. 

Hereafter, when manuscripts are identical they will be dis- 
carded altogether and no certificate issued to any of the appli- 
cants. 

13 — The examination in the various branches will be in the 
following order : 

Thursday Forenoon. — Penmanship, U. S. History, Geography 
and Orthography. 

Thursday Afternoon. — English Grammar, Physiology and Hy- 
giene, and General History. 

Friday Forenoon. — Arithmetic, Eeading and State History. 

Friday Afternoon. — Bookkeeping, Civil Government, and The- 
ory and Art of Teaching. 

Very respectfully, 

Thos. C. Miller, 
State Superintendent of Free Schools. 



214 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA 

Department of Free Schools 



Instructions to Applicants Taking the Uniform Examinations. 

1 — Each applicant will fill out the enrollment card before en- 
tering upon the examination. All questions on the blank should 
be answered fully and concisely. 

2 — At the top of the first page of each branch the applicant 
will fill out the blanks as indicated. Then when a subject is fin- 
ished all the pages must be pinned together, and on the back of 
tlie last page of the manuscript there must be written plainly the 

Subject Date 

Name Address 

3 — ^Write on one side of the paper only and number the pages 
in figures consecutively in the upper right hand corner. 

4 — Everything in connection with the examination must be 
written with pen and ink. 

5 — Manuscript must not be folded. Never give answers to 
more than one subject on a page, but two or more questions may 
be answered on one page. 

6 — The questions need not be written, but each answer must 
be numbered to correspond with its question. The Roman nu- 
merals should be used for this purpose. 

7 — In some of the branches there are substitute questions. 
When any of these are chosen the applicant will indicate it like 
this : "Substitute B for question No. 7." The substitutes are let- 
tered "A," "B'^ and "C." 

8 — In arithmetic the applicant should give a full solution of 
each problem, as credit will be given for all correct portions of 
an answer. In grammar allowance will be made for different 
authorities and for different systems of diagrams and parsing. 

9 — Applicants should be careful not to give any one subject 
more than its share of time. The Superintendent must collect 
and seal all manuscripts at the close of each half day's work 
whether all have finished or not. 

10 — Let neatness and accuracy be observed throughout in the 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 215 

preparation of manuscript as these are very essential qualities 
in a good teacher. 

11 — Applicants will not be permitted to take text books, note 
books, scratch paper or helps of any kind into the examination. 
The examiners will rigidly enforce this rule and any applicant 
violating it will be excluded from the examination. 

12 — No applicant shall he admitted to this examinution who 
now holds a Number One certificate under the Uniform system. 



State of West Virginia. 



UNIFOEM EXAMINATION. 



November 27, 1903 — Forenoon. 



OETHOGEAPHY. 

1 — State two rules for spelling and give two examples and one 
exception for each. 

2 — Syllabify and mark diacritically the following words : Dis- 
crimination, symbolic, Eoman, practical, ordinary, likewise, con- 
voke, coeval, before, accede, complex and finale. 

3 — Show the distinctions of meaning between the following: 
(1) convince, persuade; (2) abstinence, temperance; (3) cus- 
tom, habit; (4) human, humane; (5) surprised, astonished. 

4 — Write the abbreviations for April, captain, doctor, before 
noon, West Virginia, Thomas, Honorable, barrel, pound, Janu- 
ary. 

5-10 — (To be pronounced to applicants by County Superin- 
tendent) . 

1. truly 6. business 

2. pursue 7. judgment 

3. grammar 8. Lincoln 

4. privilege 9. increase 

5. benefited 10. census 



216 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



11. lose 

12. valleys 

13. divisible 

14. grief 

15. opportunity 

16. abeyance 

17. concede 

18. proceed 

19. succeed 

20. supersede 

21. procedure 

22. separate 

23. edible 

24. blamable 

25. sword 

26. until 

27. celery 

28. control 

29. geyser 

30. missile 

31. column 

32. Potomac 

33. Connecticut 

34. rhetoric 

35. singeing 



36. apology 

37. abundance 

38. Samuel 

39. Castile 

40. Isaiah 

41. onyx 

42. necessary 

43. nuisance 

44. mortise 

45. mantel 

46. mirage 

47. larynx 

48. feud 

49. fossil 

50. eulogy 

51. deficit 

52. hostile 

53. cemetery 

54. algebra 

55. juvenile 

56. sirloin 

57. weird 

58. Wednesday 

59. oracle 

60. honest 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

May Examination, 1904. 

1 — What is orthography ? Define monosyllable, dissyllable and 
polysyllable. 

2 — Give rules for spelling the following words: (a) Eunning, 
(b) offered, (c) mercies. 

3 — Use the following in sentences: Rood, rude; seer, sear, 
sere; shear, sheer; tier, tear. 

4 — (a) Explain how the number of syllables in a word are de- 
termined, (b) What is accent? 

5_10 — (The Superintendent will pronounce the list of words 
to be spelled.) 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 



217 



seize 


venison 


raiment 


surfeit 


phaeton 


privilege 


business 


scissors 


Kanawha 


abeyance 


cypress 


truly 


judgment 


scythe 


proceed 


symbolic 


avenue 


procedure 


prairie 


crevice 


criticise 


parallel 


dense 


catechise 


plateau 


scheme 


apologize 


peninsula 


gnash 


advertise 


peril 


benefited 


commerce 


piece 


grievous 


chastise 


perceive 


mucilage 


fertilize 


patrol 


sonnet 


enterprise 


raisin 


tragedy 


indispensable 


scale 


laxative 


until 


knock 


league 


separate 


zinc 


malign 


grammar 


rinse 


moccasin 


juvenile 


celery 


m3rriad 


Potomac 




ORTHOGRAPHY. 





July Examination, 1904. 



1 — Give three practical rules of spelling and two words illus- 
trating each. 

2 — What are prefixes and affixes? Give two words illustrat- 
ing each. 

3— Write 5 sets of two words which are spelled the same and 
pronounced differently. 

4 — Discriminate between the meaning of the words in each 
of the following pairs: Evidence, proof; nice, pretty; old, an- 
cient; help, aid; able, efficient. 

5-10 — (The Superintendent will pronounce the list of words 
to be spelled.) 



218 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



scythe 


admittance 


czar 


glacier 


eminence 


Cincinnati 


pyramid 


tangible 


lily 


synagogue 


pillaging 


control 


fictitious 


chargeable 


fuchsia 


paralyze 


trolley 


gladiolus 


tradition 


biennial 


dahlia 


microscope 


occurrence 


relapse 


antonym 


Venezuela 


attorney 


syllable 


commissary 


partition 


Louisiana 


potatoes 


Shenandoah 


assurance 


benefited 


canoe 


chastise 


cemetery 


extol 


sanitation 


February 


feud 


susceptible 


blamable 


codicil 


metallic 


column 


height 


terrific 


volume 


until 


sensitive 


quotient 


cantata 


tenement 


reservoir 


rhododendron 


nuisance 


aspirant 


finale 




ORTHOGRAPHY. 





September Examination, 1904. 

1 — Discuss the advantages of oral and of written spelling ex- 
ercises. Which do you prefer? 

2 — Give three rules that are useful in spelling and illustrate 
each by examples. 

3 — Define synonym and antonym, and give three words with a 
synonym for each, and three other words with their antonyms, 

4 — Use the following words correctly in sentences: counsel, 
perfume, affect, principle and recipe. 

syntax automobile 



pumpkin 

audible 

candidate 



aliquot 

intestine 

Berkeley 



finance • 
dandelion 
benefited 
fuchsia 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 



219 



gorgeous 


mischievous 


quadruped 


separate 


tyranny 


apparatus 


Nicaragua 


parasol 


ventilate 


supersede 


emphasize 


mystery 


bargain 


criticise 


changeable 


exaggerate 


discipline 


mortgage 


promissory 


allegory 


granary 


b'Ui.ZCy 


marriage 


strategy 


license 


fossil 


bivouac 


calendar 


until 


skein 


concede 


Cincinnati 


tassel 


succeed 


origin 


maple 


city 


assessor 


admittance 


Cleveland 


routine 


vaccinate 


privilege 


medicine 


poultice 


parallel 


moccasin 


indispensable 




READING. 





May Examination. 



1 — Define articulation, accent, pitch, emphasis and inflec- 
tion, and name some good characteristics of good reading. 

2 — Of the recognized ^^methods" of teaching reading, what 
one method or what combination do you prefer? Give reasons. 

3 — Quote a stanza or paragraph from some favorite author 
and give the main facts about the author and the qutotation 
given. 

4 — How much of the good literature treated by Newcomer 
have you read? 

5 — Which is the more important, teaching how to read or 
what to read? Give a reason for your answer. 

6 — In what way do you influence pupils in their home read- 
ing? Have you a Reading Circle in your school? 

7 — (a) Give a list of from seven to ten good books for chil- 
dren under fifteen; (b) name some magazines and other publi- 
cations suitable for use in the schoolroom. 



220 THE WEST VIKGINIA EXAMINER. 

8 — Show how you may unite composition work with the read- 
ing exercises. 

9 — Should children criticise one another's reading? Give 
reason for your answer. 
. 10 — What is the difference between reading and elocution? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Name two American historians, three American poets 
and three American statesmen. Give brief sketch of any two. 

B — Explain the difference between grammatical pauses and 
rhetorical pauses. 

C — (a) Of what value are pictures in a reader? (b) How 
can you teach morals and manners by the lessons in the reader ? 



READING. 

July Examination. 



1 — What is the value of oral reading? Of silent reading? 
How do you prepare a reading lesson? 

2 — Define articulation, emphasis, modulation and inflection 
and speak of accent. 

3 — Name some books suitable for supplemental reading in 
a second, third and a fifth grade. 

4 — How do you maintain an interest in the reading lessons 
among your pupils? 

5 — In what manner do you influence pupils in their home 
reading? Have you a Eeading Circle in your school? 

6 — (a) Give a list of eight to ten good books for children 
under fifteen, (b) Name some magazines and other publica- 
tions suitable for use in the schoolroom. 

7-10 — Give the author of the following paragraph and speak 
of the circumstance under which it was delivered. Write five 
questions on this paragraph such as you think a teacher should 
present to an average class: 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 221 

"When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time 
the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the fragments 
of a once glorious Union; on states dissevered, discordant, bel- 
ligerent, on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, 
in fraternal blood ! Let their last feeble and lingering glance 
rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic, now known 
and honored throughout the world, still full high advanced, its 
arms and trophies streaming in all their original lustre, not a 
stripe erased or polluted or a single star obscured; bearing for 
its motto no such miserable interrogatory as, ^What is all this 
worth?' nor those other words of delusion and folly, ^Liberty 
first and Union afterward'; but everywhere, blazing on all its 
ample folds as they float over the sea and over the land, that 
other sentiment dear to every true American heart, — Liberty 
AND Union^ Now and forever^ one and inseparable/' 



reading. 
September Examination. 

1 — What preparation should a teacher make for a reading 
lesson ? 

2 — Explain in full what directions you would give to a class 
of fifth year pupils for the preparation of a lesson, — say, "The 
Barefoot Boy." 

3 — In what way do pictures aid in the preparation of the 
reading lesson? 

4 — If you were classifying common school branches accord- 
ing to their importance where would you place reading? Give 
reasons for your answers. 

5 — Name ten of the most notable books for pupils of the fifth 
to the eighth grade. 

6 — How may a teacher foster in her pupils a love for good 
literature ? 

7— (a) — Name five leading American historians, 
(b) — five American poets, and 
(c) — three humorists, 
(d) — How would you teach patriotism? 



222 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

8 — Why is it important that a teacher have some knowledge 
of myths, fables and fairy stories? Name some good books 
containing such stories. 

9-10 — "Woodman, spare that tree ! 

Touch not a single bough; 
In youth it sheltered me. 
And ni protect it now. 

^Twas my forefather's hand 

That placed it near his cot; 
There, woodman, let it stand. 
Thy axe shall touch it not." 
Name the author of the above stanza, and write five questions 
suited to emphasize the thought presented. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Give a quotation from a favorite poem, six to ten lines, 
or a short prose paragraph. 

B — Name some magazines and other ^periodicals suitable for 
use in the schoolroom, and speak of their value, as supplemen- 
tary reading. 

C — In what manner would you proceed to establish a school 
library? 



PENMANSHIP. 

May Examination. 



1 — What are the two principal systems of penmanship? How 
do they differ? 

2 — What do you understand by "form" and by "movement" 
in teaching writing, and what attention should each have? 

3 — Give directions for position of pen, paper and pupil. 

4 — What should be the relative heioht above the base line of 
the script letters 1, m, r, t, k, g? 

5-10 — Write in your best style 



^&' 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 223 

Yet, "God be praised !" the Pilgrims said, 

Who saw the blossoms peer 
Above the brown leaves, dry and dead, 

"Behold our Mayflower here V' 

"God wills that here our rest shall be; 

Our years of wandering o'er, 
For us the Mayflower of the sea 

Shall spread her sails no more." 

Oh sacred flowers of faith and hope. 

As sweetly now as then. 
Ye bloom on many a birchen slope, 

In many a pine-dark glen. 



PENMANSHIP. 

July Examination. 



1 — What objections may there be to the use of copy books in 
teaching pupils to write? 

2 — Give directions for position of pen, paper and the writer. 

3 — What are the essentials of good writing? 

4-10 — Write as a sample of your penmanship the following: 



(Quotations from Lowell.) 



PENMANSHIP. 

September Examination. 

1 — What methods do you use in teaching primary pupils to 
write? Advanced pupils? 

2 — Describe the proper position for the writer, pen, paper 
and desk. 

3-10 — Write in your best style: 



224 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

A PEAYEE. 

BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. 

The day returns and brings us the pretty round of irritat- 
mg concerns and duties. Help us to play the man, heljj us to 
perform them with laughter and kind faces. Let cheerfulness 
abound with industry. Give us to go blithely on our business 
all this day. Bring us to our resting beds weary and content 
and undishonored, and grant us in the end the gift of sleep. 
Amen. 



ARITHMETIC. 

May Examination. 

1 — A farmer traded a stack of wood 4 feet wide, 4 feet high 
and 40 feet long to a storekeeper at $2.80 a cord, accepting in 
payment 60 feet of wire netting at 18c a yard, 60 oz. bar lead at 
12c a pound, 2 pecks of clover seed at $3.00 per bushel, 20 
pounds of sugar at 5c per pound and the balance in cash. What 
cash did he get ? 

2 — Eeduce to its simplest form 

3 — One-fifth the sum of two numbers is 324 ; their difference 
is 112, what are the two numbers? 

4 — Divide .024 by .0006 and explain how you obtain your 
result. 

— Find the proceeds of a 90 days note of $300 bearing in- 
terest at 5 per cent., discounted at 6 per cent. 20 days after 
date. 

6 — What is the cost of 20 joists 8x10 inches, 14 feet long at 
$lS.00perM? 

7 — A grocer buys flour at $4.50 per barrel, marks it up 
33 1/3 per cent., then sells at 16 2/3 per cent, below marked 
price. What per cent of profit does he make ? 

8 — A stay wire 80 feet long is strung from the top of a per- 
pendicular telephone pole 43 feet above the ground which is 
level. What is the distance from the foot of the pole to the foot 
of the wire ? 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 225 

9 — If railroad stock be yielding 6 per cent, and is 20 per 
cent, below par, how much would have to be invested to bring 
an income of $390 ? 

10 — If 12 men mow 25 A. of grass in 2 days of 10 1/2 hours, 
how many hours a day must 14 men work to mow an 80 A. field 
in 6 days? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — How far does a man walk in planting a field of corn 285 
feet square, the rows being 3 feet apart and 3 feet from fences? 

B — The entire surface of a cube is 1014 square inches; how 
many cubic inches does it contain? 

C — I bought 75 bbls. of pork for 10 per cent, less than its 
value, and sold it for 6 2/3 per cent, more than its value. Had 
I paid 16 2/3 per cent, more and sold it for 12 1/2 per cent, 
less, I should have lost $105. What was the cost per barrel? 

Note — This is the only set answered on Arithmetic as it is 
comparatively easy. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

May Examination. 

1 — Give a definition of grammar; a definition of a sentence. 

2 — What are the three kinds of sentences with regard to 
form? What is a grammatical subject? Illustrate. 

3 — What are the four classes of pronouns with respect to use ? 
Give an example of each. 

4. Properly punctuate and capitalize the following: 

It was a cold evening in march the air was full of fine snow 
and the wind was keen mother hound and her four little ones 
were asleep in the large kennel but father hounds eyes were 
wide open. There was a noise by the fence who is there said 
father hound in a deep growl out from the bushes came a little 
gray dog he was hungry and cold he wagged his tail and looked 
up at the big dog without saying a word where did you come 
from said father hound 



226 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

5 — Name the cases of the nouns and pronouns in the follow- 
ing: 

The sky bears are having a game of tag, 

You can see them any night, 
The big bear chasing the little one 
Around the north star bright. 

6 — Give a simple sentence, expand it into a complex, then 
into a compound sentence without any added meaning; reverse 
the process, that is, write a compound sentence, contract it into a 
complex, then into a simple sentence without loss of meaning. 

7 — Diagram: I pause to think with admiration of the noble 
king who in his single person possessed all the Saxon virtues; 
who in his care to instruct his people, preserved the beautiful 
old Saxon language. 

8 — Parse the italicized words in the above selection. 

9' — Name and illustrate three classes of subordinate clauses. 

10 — Write a letter of application for a position as teacher, 
stating your qualifications. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Give an example in sentences of that used as an adjective, 
as a pronoun, as a conjunction. 

B — What is a conjunctive adverb? Give a sentence which 
furnishes an example. 

C — Write sentences illustrating six constructions of the in- 
finite. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



July Examination. 

1 — What is the chief use of language ? Define oral and writ- 
ten language. 

2 — Why are abbreviations used? Is it proper or not to use 
them in oral language ? Why ? 

3 — Write a short business letter applying for a position as 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 227 

clerk in a store, paying particular attention to the heading, 
salutation, body of the letter, close, capitalization, and punc- 
tuation. 

4 — Diagram or analyze: Emerson says: "It is not the eye 
that sees, but the man behind the eye." 

5 — Define a phrase. Name two kinds of phrases depending 
on the use in a sentence. What part of speech usually intro- 
duces a phrase? 

G — Give a sentence or sentences illustrating the use of the 
words: "to," "two," "too." Parse the above named words in 
your sentences. 

7 — Give comparative forms of: few, little, many, much, and 
far. 

8 — Justify the use of the underscored words in the following 
sentences or use the correct words if they are wrong, giving your 
reasons for each : 

1. Do not go without you have my permission. 2. I shall 
be glad to Uam you. 3. The pear tree usually has less blos- 
soms than the apple tree. 

9 — Illustrate three ways for denoting gender. 

10 — What are the differences in use of the following interrog- 
ative pronouns: who, which and what? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A— -Define an auxiliary verb and name five in common use. 

B — Give sentences illustrating the use of adverbs of time, 
place, cause, manner, and degree. 

C — What kind of an element is a noun in the possessive case? 
In what other way may the relation of possession be expressed 
than by the possessive case? 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

September Examination. 

1 — Write five rules of grammar which you believe would most 
aid pupils and teachers in overcoming prevalent errors in 
English. 



228 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER, 

2 — Give illustration under each of the above. 

3 — Fill blanks with the proper personal pronouns. Give rea- 
sons for choice. (Reasons count half.) 

a — Neither of us is willing to give up claim. 

b — Each of us has faults. 

c — i^either the judge nor jurors were unprejudiced in 
opinion. 

4 — What is the difference between a finite and an infinitivie 
verb ? 

5 — Write sentences illustrating the proper use of each of the 
following : lie, lay, sit, set, rise, raise, flee, fly. 

6 — Which of the above verbs are transitive? Which intrans- 
itive? What is the distinction between transitive and intransi- 
tive? 

7 — (a) — Describe three ways in which you would cultivate 
the habit of using good English in your school ? 

(b) — What effort do you make to improve your own 
English ? 

8 — Write to a publisher, subscribing for an educational paper 
0/ magazine. 

9 — Select a suitable heading and write at least seventy-five 
words upon the benefits you have derived from the teachers' in- 
stitute. 

10 — Punctuate the following : 

Kennedy taking from her a handkerchief edged with gold 
pinned it over her eyes the executioners holding her by the arm 
led her to the block and the queen kneeling down said repeated- 
ly with a firm voice into thy hands Lord I commend my spirit. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — What is an idiom ? Give example. 

B^ — What is the difference between parsing a word and giving 
its construction? 

C — "Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just.'' Give 
both grammatical and thought analysis. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 229 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

May Examination. 

1 — What are the three principal uses of the skeleton? 

2 — Name two objections to breathing through the mouth. 

3 — In the process of digestion, what is the work of the saliva ? 
The gastric juice? 

4 — Describe, (a) a suture; (b) a ball and socket joint. 

5 — Name three purposes served by the skin. 

6 — Distinguish between chyme and chyle. 

7 — Describe the structure and use of the spinal column. 

8 — Name the parts of the skin and describe the structure of 
each. 

9 — Name and describe the two constituent parts of the blood. 

10 — Trace the circulation of the blood in its round through 
the body. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Describe and locate the diaphragm and state its principal 
function. 

B — What is the medulla oblongata and what is its principal 
function ? 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

July Examination. 

1 — Grive the functions of a ball and socket joint — a hinge 
joint. Illustrate each. 

2 — State fully how the habitual use of intoxicants injures 
(a) the one who uses them, (b) his dependents, (c) his neigh- 
bors, (d) the State. 

3 — Describe the best means of ventilating an ordinary school 
room. 

4 — Name the bones of the arm and hand. 

5 — Name in order the organs of circulation. 

6 — What is digestion? Is water or alcohol digested? 



230 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

7 — Wliat is a voluntary muscle? An involuntary muscle? 
Which are the muscles of the intestines? 

8 — What organs constitute the nervous system? 

9 — How many teeth in a set? Name the classes with respect 
to size and shape and give directions for the care of the teeth. 

10 — To what is the color of the blood due? What changes 
in color does it undergo and what causes these changes ? 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

September Examination. 

1 — How frequently should the air in the school room be 
changed ? 

2 — What is meant by ventilation? 

3 — What is meant by a contagious or infectious disease? 
Name five. 

4 — Describe the chief circulatory organ. Why are certain 
valves called mitral? 

5 — Name three uses of bones. 

6 — What constitutes the nervous system? 

7 — Name in order the digestive organs. 

8 — Explain clearly the terms digestion, nutrition, secretion, 
excretion, afferent nerves, efferent nerves. 

9 — Describe the cavities formed by the skeleton of the human 
body and the purposes and contents of each cavity. 

10 — Name the digestive fluids. What is the function of each? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — How does the gray matter of the brain differ from the 
white (a) in structure; (b) in function? 

B — Write a short description of the heart. Tell how it is 
affected by alcohol; by narcotics. 

C — Explain the uses of the skin. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

November (1903) Examination. 
1 — What are the main divisions of general history commonly 
made ? Give the dates of the divisions. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 231 

2 — According to the best historical evidences what is the loca- 
tion of the birth place of the human race? 

3 — Tell something of Confucius and Confucianism. 

4 — Compare Carthage and Eome at the beginning of the 
Punic Wars. 

5 — Write a brief account of the crusades, 

6 — In a paragraph tell about the formation, voyage and de- 
struction of the Spanish Armada. 

7 — Give a brief account of the life and death of Julius 
Ceasar. 

8 — Give briefly the time, place, cause and result of the 
French Eevolution. 

9 — Select one from the four following names and make a 
short summary of the deeds in his career. : Savanarola, Martin 
Luther, Cromwell, Gladstone. 

10 — What is known about the Pyramids? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Sketch the career of Warren Hastings 
B — What was the Hundred Years war and what was the 
principal incidents in it? 

C — Tell about Napoleon's invasion of Russia? 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

May Examination. 



1 — Write briefly on the civilization of the Egyptians. 

2 — Tell something of three or four of the prominent relig- 
ions of the world. 

3 — Outline the feudal system? What were its results? 

4 — Give a short account of Hannibal and the Punic wars. 

5 — Name two or three of the most prominent literary char- 
acters each of Greece, Eome, Germany, England and the United 
States. 

6 — What was the Magna Charta and how was it brought 

about ? 



233 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

7 — What were the principal features of Queen Elizabeth's 
reign ? 

8 — When, where and how was the art of printing invented ? 

9 — Name some of the main points in the Eusso-Japanese 
war to date. 

10 — What was the Kishinef massacre? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Write a sketch of the career of Oliver Croniwell. 
B — State the main facts about the Crimean War. 
C — Describe the battle of Thermopylae. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

July Examination. 

1 — Name five noted sovereigns of Great Britain and tell in 
one or two sentences what distinguished each. 

2 — ^Write a paragraph on the main characters and events of 
the Frencli Revolution. 

3 — Tell something about each of the greatest three Grecian 
philosophers. 

4 — What do you consider the chief virtues of the Greek civili- 
zation? The principal defects in its social life? 

5 — Tell something about Na^^oleon's Russian invasion. 

6 — Write a paragraph of 50 or 100 words on Mohammed 
and Mohammedanism. 

7 — Name one Greek and one Roman in each case, and tell 
what made each noted ; (a) warriors; (b) poets; (c) historians; 
(d) orators; (e) painters. 

8 — Write a short description of the Battle of Waterloo. 

9 — What nations were most active in the exploration and set- 
tlement of the ^^new world" and what territory did each obtain 
in it? 

10 — Who was Warren Hastings? Martin Luther? Bis- 
marck? Charlotte Corday? Disraeli? Savanarola? Lord 
Nelson? Chaucer? Louis XIV? Admiral Cervera? 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 233 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 



A — What was the Alexandrian Library? 

B — Tell abont the Eusso-Japanese war to date. 

C — Tell about the fall of the Eoman Empire. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

September Examination. 

1 — Give an account of the Roman conquest and occupation of 
Britain. 

2 — Contrast Sparta and Athens and state which finally be- 
came predominant. 

3^ — Write a condensed account of Roman social and political 
life under the sovereignty of the Caesars. 

4 — Tell the story of the famous Spanish Armada. 

5 — (a) In what centuries did the crusades occur? (b) What 
was the object of these crusades? (c) State two beneficial re- 
sults of the crusades. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Give the cause and the main incidents of the Russo-Jan- 
anese w^ar to date. 

B — What was the Magna Charta^ by whom granted, when and 
what effect has it had ? 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

May Examination. 

1 — Write a brief sketch of the settlement in each of three 
selected colonies out of the original 13. 

2 — Xame three of the most important Spanish explorers and 
tell briefly of the exploits of each. 

3 — Draw an outline map, naming and locating five or more of 
the principal battles of the Revolutionary War. 

4 — Who were the members of Washington's cabinet and what 
were their duties ? 



234 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

5 — Write a paragraph giving tlie main facts concerning the 
Louisiana purchase. 

6 — Briefly describe three important inventions of this country. 

7 — What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise and 
when was the Compromise adopted? 

8 — Write a brief sketch of Andrew Jackson and his adminis- 
tration. 

9 — Give the main facts in connection with the battle of Ma- 
nila Bay. 

lOi — Tell what has been accomplished by the United States on 
the Panama canal undertaking. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — In how many cities has the capital of the United States 
been located? Name them. 

B — Give an account of Shay's Eebellion. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

July Examination. 

1 — Give the main facts about the settlement of the first town 
ill what is now the United States. 

2 — When and haw was slavery introduced into the United 
States and why did it grow in the South and die out in the 
North? 

3 — Tell briefly of the causes and conditions that led to the 
K evolutionary War. 

4 — W>ite a short description of the battle of Saratoga. 

5 — Name the presidents who have served two terms and give 
the principal events under the administration of each. 

G — Who invented the cotton gin ? When ? (About what time 
if you can't give exact date.) Why was it an important event? 

7 — What States joined the "Confederate Government" and 
what reasons did they assign for their action ? 

8 — Name the principal battles of the Civil War fought in 
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi 
each. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 235 

9' — Tell something of how Cuba became a republic and what 
relation, if any, she sustains to the United States. 

10 — Xame the members of President Eoosevelt's cabinet. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — What was the Monroe Doctrine and how did it originate ? 

B — How did United States come into possession of Alaska? 
When? 

C — Who were the Puritans and what part did they play in the 
settlement of the United States ? 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

September Examination. 

1 — Name the 13 original colonies and give the date or some 
other important fact about the settlement of each. 

2 — Speak of the incidents of Columbus' first voyage. How 
many voyages to the "new world" did he make? 

3 — Who was Eoger Williams? William Penn? Cotton 
Mather? Peter Stuyvesant? Robert Morris? 

4 — Give a brief outline of either the first, second or third 
year of the Revolutionary war. 

5 — Name 3 naval battles of the war of 1812 and 3 promi- 
nent American naval officers. 

6 — Give the main facts about what is known as the "Nulli- 
fication Act." 

7 — What territory has the United States gained by purchase, 
by cession, by annexation? 

8 — Write a brief biographical sketch of Benjamin Franklin, 
John Marshall, Thomas H. Benton or Henry Clay, (any two). 

9 — Tell something of the life and death of Jas. A. Garfield, 

10 — (a) When was the first railroad operated? (b) Who 
laid the first trans- Atlantic cable? (c) Who wrote the Decla- 
ration of Independence? (d) Who invented the "monitor" 
battle ship? (e) What famous general of the civil war was 
killed by hi§ own men? 



236 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Give a short account of Aaron Bnrr. 

B — Describe the battle of Gettysburg. 

Q — iSTame President Eoosevelt's cabinet officers. 



STATE HISTORY. 

May Examination. 

1 — In a paragraph of about 50 words tell of the formation of 
West Virginia, naming some of the leaders in the movement. 

2 — An appropriation has been made and other funds are be- 
ing raised for building a monument at Pt. Pleasant to celebrate 
an historical event. Describe fully the event celebrated. 

3 — ^When and how was the present Constitution of West Vir- 
ginia adopted? 

4 — Which was the first railroad to operate in West Virginia? 
Name the principal railroads now in operation. 

5 — Name five books dealing with the various phases of West 
Virginia history. 

6 — Tell about the part pla3^ed by West Virginia in the Civil 
War, naming battles, campaigns, etc. 

7 — Tell what you knoAv of the history of the West Virginia 
University. 

8 — Write briefly of the early settlers of the upper Ohio valley 
and of the Kanawha and Greenbrier valleys, who were they, 
where did they come from and what impelled them to settle in 
these valleys. 

9^ — What are the principal industries in each of the following 
counties : Jefferson, Fayette, Eitchie, Ohio, Webster ? 

lO^Name the governors of West Virginia. What two West 
Virginians are honored with statues in Statuary Hall at Wash- 
ington ? 



STATE HISTORY. 



July Examination. 
l_Give the titles of five books that treat of the history of the 
region now embraced in this State, 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 237 

2 — Tell how West Virginia came into the Union. (At least 
50 words.) 

3 — How did the following named counties get their names: 
Monongalia, Hardy, Jefferson, Harrison, Upshur, Wetzel, Mor- 
gan and Mingo? 

4 — Speak of our material development, or railroad building, 
and our coal, oil and lumber industries. 

5 — What important event in the history of the United States 
was determined by the vote of a United States Senator from 
West Virginia? , 

6 — Locate at least seven State institutions and tell how the 
capital was chosen. 

7 — When and by what authority were free schools established 
in West Virginia? Speak of the progress our school system is 
making. 

S^Name all the Governors of this State, her first two and 
present United States Senators, and the five Eepresentatives 
in the lower House. 

9 — Name the rivers of West Virginia that bear Indian names 
and briefly tell the story of Blennerhassett island. 

10 — Speak of the early settlement in this Trans- Allegheny 
region, when, where and by whom made; also of the physical, 
political and social conditions of those times. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Speak of the part West Virginia had in the Civil War. 

B — What are the principal industries of Berkeley, Marion, 
Webster, Greenbrier, Tyler, Ohio and Harrison counties? 

C — Write a brief sketch of any three of the following : Fran- 
cis H. Pierpoint, A. W. Campbell, ]\Iorgan Morgan, Peter G. 
Van Winkle, Arthur I. Boreman, Geo. W. Atkinson, W. A. 
MacCorkle. 



STATE HISTORY. 

September Examination. 

1 — N^ame at least three historical events that have occurred 
within what is now the State of West Virginia. 



238 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

2 — In a paragraph of about seventy-five words, tell of the 
formation of West Virginia, and name some of the leaders in 
the movement. 

3 — Who was the first Governor of this State, and who the 
first U. S. Senators? Name the present Senators. 

4 — Speak of West Virginia's attitude and condition during 
the Civil War, and name some battles fought within our borders. 

5 — What West Virginians have served as Cabinet officers and 
who as Foreign Ministers and U. S. Consuls? 

6 — Give the titles of six books that treat of the history of this 
State or of our material resources. 

7 — Speak of the progress of our educational work, and com- 
pare this with our material development. 

8 — Name at least five persons prominent in our civil, political 
or professional life and tell what they have done for the up- 
building of our Commonwealth. 

9 — (a) — How are funds secured for the support of our State 
institutions? (b) — From what sources do our school reve- 
imes come? 

10 — President McKinley said, "Expositions are the time- 
keepers of progress." How does this apply to this State with 
respect to her representation at Philadelphia, Chicago and St. 
Louis? Speak of our various exhibits at the St. Louis Exposi- 
tion. Have you a copy of the History of Education in West 
Virginia ? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — How did the following places get their names? Salama, 
Terra Alta, Jayenn, Gasaway, Kenova, Erbacon, Ronceverte, 
Monongah, and Wheeling? 

B — What is the cause of the suit in the United States Su- 
preme Court broug-ht by Maryland against West Virginia? 

C — Name and locate the educational institutions controlled 
by this State; the reformatory institutions, the penal institu- 
tions. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 239 

GEOGRAPHY. 

November (1903) Examination. 

1 — Draw an outline map of West Virginia showing five cities 
and five rivers and locating five state institutions. 

2 — Name and locate the three principal rivers of South 
America. 

3 — (a) What parallel of latitude forms a large part of the 
northern- boundary of the United States, (b) About how many 
miles distant from the Tropic of Cancer is the southern point 
of Florida? 

4 — (a) What are^ the principal industries of the people of 
France? (b) What and where are the principal cities of France? 

5 — Give the location of two fertile districts in Africa and 
account for the peculiar fertility of each. 

6 — Name five leading nations of the world and state some 
particular in which each excels. 

7 — Name three peninsulas of Asia and the waters separated 
by each. 

8 — Locate Cuba and Luzon Island; name the principal city 
and tell something of the government of each. 

9 — At what date are the sun's rays vertical on the Tropic of 
Cancer? The equator? Tropic of Capricorn? 

10 — Give definition and example of island, peninsula_, moun- 
tain, plateau and watershed. 



SUBSTl1:UTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Compare Canada and the United States as to size, popu- 
lation, government and industries. 

B — Speak of the Gulf Stream and describe its course. 
C — Name and locate five inland seas" of Europe. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

May Examination. 

1 — What States are touched by the Mississippi river? 
2 — Name and locate five capes on the western continent. 



240 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINEE. 

3 — Name five leading industries of West Virginia and tell in 
what parts of the State each is carried on principally. 

4 — Draw an outline map of West Virginia, locating the capi- 
tal and five other State institutions. 

5 Locate three lakes of Africa and tell something about 
them. 

6 — Compare Japan with Great Britain as to size, population, 
civilization, location, etc. 

7 — Where are the Himalaya mountains, what direction do 
they extend and what ocean is nearest to them? 

8 — Name and locate the three principal rivers of South 
America. 

9 — Locate North Sea, Vienna, Borneo, Yellow Sea, Moscow, 
Sitka, Manila, Quebec, Buenos Ayres and Lisbon. 

10 — What are ocean currernts? How do they affect climate? 
Name two or three. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS 

A — Bound Eussia. 

B* — Name the chief rivers of North and South America which 
flow into the Pacific ocean. 

C — Trace a cargo of grain from St. Louis to Venice. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

July Examination. 

1 — What are the principal industries of Georgia, Colorado*, 
Tennsylvania, Iowa and Massachusetts? 

2 — Locate Annapolis, West Point, Galveston, Memphis, Nor- 
folk, the Panama Canal, Port Arthur, Ceylon, Liverpool, the 
Kongo river. 

3 — What is a glacier? an iceberg? an avalanche? a delta? 
a volcano? a tributary? Give an example of each, or name a 
region where it may be found. 

4 — To what empire does Australia belong? What portion of 
Australia is most important? Locate its chief seaport. What 
does it export? 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 241 

5 — Name and locate the capital of China; of Japan. Name 
c*ne point of similarity and one great contrast between the two 
nations. 

6 — Make a map of the States of the United States which bor- 
der the Atlantic Ocean. Name and locate the capital of each. 

7 — What changes in temperature and plant life would you 
notice while climbing a very high mountain of the temperate 
zone ? 

8 — Locate and describe the Gulf Stream and tell something of 
its effects on Greenland and the British Isles. 

9 — Name and locate 5 of the largest mountain ranges in the 
world. 

10 — Give the principal facts about the location, size and pop- 
ulation of the Philippine Islands. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS 

A — What is the largest city in the United States on the 
Pacific coast? The Atlantic coast? The Gulf coast? The 
coast of the Great Lakes ? On the Mississippi river ? 

B — Trace a cargo from San Franciscoi to Constantinople. 

C — Draw an outline map of West Virginia showing ten prin- 
cipal towns and five principal rivers. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

September Examination. 

1 — What are tides ? How caused ? What are ocean currents ? 

2 — How would you go from Clarksburg to Paris ? About how 
far would you travel in going? 

3 — State briefly what should be taught most proimnently in 
regard to the following: (a) — Minneapolis; (b) — Pittsburg; 
(c) — Galveston; (d) — Buffalo; (e) — Yellowstone Park. 

4 — Mention and locate five prominent peninsulas of Europe. 
5-6 — Draw a map of West Virginia locating the principal 
rivers, towns, and State institutions, at least five of each. 



242 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

7 — Name the countries from which the following articles are 
imported : Tea^ coffee, spice, wool, rubber. 

8 — Mention two desert regions and explain why they are 
deserts. 

9 — Name the principal cities on the Mediterranean coast. 

10 — Contrast briefly the geographical features of Eussia and 
Japan. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Explain why the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of 
Capricorn are each 23% degrees from the equator. 

B — ^What are the principal drainage systems of North 
America ? 

C — Name and locate the chief cities of Australia. 



BOOKKEEPING. 

May Examination. 

1 — What is meant by a "book of original entry" and what is 
its special importance? 

2 — Rule a page for day-book and make entries showing the 
"posting." 

3 — What entries are made when one of the firm takes out 
cash? 

4 — Illustrate the method of taking a trial balance. 

5 — Explain the difference between a ledger page and a jour- 
nal page. 

6 — Explain the difference between single and double entry 
bookkeeping. 

7 — Write a negotiable note for $500, payable in 90 days with 
interest. 

10 — Give forms for heading, introduction, and conclusion of 
business letter. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Draw forms of bank check and deposit check. 
B — Define discounts, net price, a common carrier, bill of lad- 
ing, and bonded warehouse. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 243 

BOOKKEEPING. 

July Examination. 

1 — What is meant by the statement that a corporation has 
declared a dividend? 

2 — What is legal rate of interest? 

3 — Draw a note bearing interest from date and one bearing 
interest from maturity only. 

(Either the single or double entry system will answer.) 

George -White opened a wholesale dry goods business, at Al- 
bany, N. Y., on Jan. 1, 1904, with the following resources: 
Store and fixtures, $8,500 ; cash, $4,000. 

Jan. 1. Bought of Mansattan Supply Co., for cash, office 
furniture, blank books, stationery, etc., to the amount of $175. 

Opened an account with the Albany County Bank and depos- 
ited $3,200. 

Jan. 2. Eeceived from Jones and Peters, New York, an in- 
voice of goods amounting to $1,200; paid for same by check. 
Paid cash for freight on invoice $10.25, drayage $1.25. 

Jan. 4. Eeceived from Martin and Co., Boston, on 30 days, 
invoice of goods to the amount of $1,500. Paid Boston and 
Albany E. E. cash for freight $15.75, drayage $1.50. 

Jan. 5. Sold Henry Young, Toledo, 0., on account, 5 pieces 
American prints 294 yds. at 7 cents; 3 pieces paper cambric 
101 yds. at 6 cents; 4 pieces ticking 166 yds. at 9 cents. 

Jan. 6. Sold James Tarbox, Brattleboro_> Vt., for cash, mer- 
chandise $86.62. 

Sold Thomas Tracy, on his note at 30 days, 3. pieces 125 yds. 
Piedmont drills at 9 cents; 5 pieces 256 yds. sateen at 10 cents; 

5 pieces 256 yds. Atlantic A sheeting at 8 cents. 

Jan. 7. Paid Smith Draying Co. by check $5.25. Sold 
Penfield & Co. on account 10 pieces 450 yds. cambric at 6 cents; 

6 pieces 345 yds. flannel at 37 cents. 

4-7 — Make all proper entries in day book and cash book. 

8-9 — Post all accounts. 

10 — Write the check mentioned in the transaction of Jan. 2. 



244 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — What is meant by posting books? How is posting done? 
B — Define ledger, trial balance, bills receivable, protest, draft, 
check, inventory, footings, day book and journal. 



BOOKKEEPING. 

September Examination. 

1 — Write a negotiable, interest-bearing note. 

2 — Make up a bill for six items commonly sold at a general 
retail store and receipt payment in good form. 

3 — Show what bookkeeping would be necessary in properly 
handling the transactions of question two. 

4 — Explain the difference between single and double entry 
bookkeeping. 

5 — Give forms for heading, introduction, and conclusion of 
a business letter. 

6 — Draw a ledger page form and explain the manner of mak- 
ing entries. 

7 — Illustrate the method of taking trial balance. 

8 — Draw journal form and explain method of making en- 
tries. 

9 — Define standard money, standard coins, single standard, 
double standard, and legal tender money. 

10 — (a) — What words does a United States greenback bear 
on its face? (b) — A silver certificate? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS, 

A — What is meant by a "book of original entry" and what 
is its special importance ? 

B — What is the difference between a corporation and a part- 
nership ? 

C — Define discounts, net price, a common carrier, bill of lad- 
ing, and bonded warehouse. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 245 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

May Examination. 

1 — How does the Constitution provide for the election of a 
President, in case no candidate receives a majority in the Elec- 
toral College? 

2 — What are the requirements as to eligibility for the United 
States Senate? 

3 — What qualifications must the President possess? 

4 — How may the Constitution of the United States be 
amended ? 

5 — Mention the Cabinet offices (not present officers). 

6 — How may a bill vetoed by the Governor become a law in 
West Virginia? 

7 — How is the number of Presidential Electors of each State 
determined ? 

8 — How is treason defined in the Constitution? 

9 — How are treaties with foregn countries made? 

10 — Into what branches is our West Virginia Legislature 
divided? How many members in each branch? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Name the various courts of this State. 
B — Name three school laws enacted in recent years and state 
the general provisions of each. 

C — What are the duties of the Vice-President of the United 

States ? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

July Examination. 

1 — What is taxation? By what power are taxes imposed? 

2 — What is meant by the right of eminent domain? How do 
railroads succeed in getting land for their tracks when the own- 
ers refuse to part with it? 

3 — Speak of the duties of a justice of the peace and the work 
of that court. 



246 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

4 — Say something of the two great compromises that were 
made between the two sections before the Civil War. 

5 — What objections are there to a property or educational 
qualification for voters? To unrestricted suffrage? 

6 — Mention four duties of the governor. 

7 — Give two powers denied to the States and tell why they 
are denied. 

8 — If you were desirous of having a law passed requiring 
boards of education to provide flags for school houses, how 
would you get the attention of the legislature? Through what 
stages must it pass before it becomes a law? 

9 — When does Congress assemble? Who presides over the 
House and Senate? 

10 — By what authority did Jefferson make the Louisiana 
Purchase ? Was it a wise thing to do ? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — When two States of the Union disagree, what solution of 
the difficulty is possible? 

B — From what sources is revenue derived for carrying on the 
National government? 

C — From what source is the general school fund accumulated, 
and on what basis is it distributed? What is the limit of the 
levy for the Teachers' Fund? the Building? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

September Examination. 

1 — Name and define the three departments of our Federal 
Government. 

2 — In the event of the death of President Eoosevelt who 
would succeed him ? What is the further order of the Presiden- 
tial succession? 

3 — Explain how an amendment is made to the Constitution 
of the United States, and tell how vacancies in Congress are 
filled. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 347 

4 — Give the three natural rights of citizens, and three politi- 
cal rights and tell how they diSer. 

5 — Speak of the Supreme Court of the United States and 
name as many of its justices as you can. 

6 — Name the elective State officials of West Virginia, and 
tell what important positions are appointive. 

7 — What are taxes? Why should every voter pay taxes? 
Name some authorities that can levy taxes in this State. 

8 — How is the number of Presidential electors for each state 
determined, and how are these electors chosen ? 

9 — Who are the members of the Supreme Court of West Vir- 
ginia, and how many members are there in each branch of our 
Legislature ? 

10 — Name the requirements necessary to be observed by a 
teacher contracting for a school. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — If a law is thought to be contrary to the Constitution, 
State or National, how is the question decided ? 

B — State the main provisions of the compulsory school law of 
this State. 

C — What is the amount of our irreducible School fund and 
how is this fund invested ? What was the per capita apportion- 
ment of the General School for 1903; for 1904? 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

May Examination. 

1 — (a) What is the object of the Free School System? (b) 
Name five duties of a public school teacher in West Virginia. 

2 — State three fundamental principles in the art of teaching. 

3 — How much can you get from a lesson studied by your pu- 
pils by asking who? when? where? why? and what? The 
five W's? 

4 — (a) Name some books you have read this year, (b) Write 



348 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

a paragraph on some important topic presented in Schaeffer's 
Thinking or White's Art of Teaching. 

5 — What method do you pursue to get your pupils to think in- 
telligently ? 

6 — Illustrate what is meant by the following maxims : "Pro- 
cesses before rules," "From the simple to the complex/' "Facts 
before principles/' "From the known to the related unknown." 

7 — How do you deal with tardiness? Was the Compulsory 
law enforced in your school last year ? If not, why ? 

8 — From the following list of names select five and state for 
what each is distinguished : Pcotalozzi, Froebel, Thomas Arnold, 
Horace Mann, Comenius, Herbart, Francis W. Parker, Charles 
W. Elliot, William T. Harris, William P. White and Alex. L. 
Wade. 

9 — Describe your ideal of a school room as to size, arrange- 
ment, equipment, heating, lighting and ventilation, and draw a 
diagram locating the teacher's desk, the windows and the black- 
board. 

10 — Speak of the relations of the teacher to the community 
outside the school room. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — What are proper and what improper punishments? What 
is the object of discipline ? 

B — From the following terms select four, and define them: 
Percept, concept, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and 
concentration. 

C — Name five worthy motives to which a teacher may appeal 
and tell how you woiuld make use of them. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

July Examination. 

1 — Is teaching a profession or a vocation? What prepara- 
tion have you made for teaching? 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 249 

2 — Write a short description of the most helpful chapter in 
some work on pedagogy you have read recently. Are you a mem- 
ber of the Eeading Circle? 

3 — If employed to teach in a poorly heated, badly ventilated 
and an unattractive schoolroom, how would you go abcnit im- 
proving the conditions? 

4 — How will you proceed to grade your school under the course 
of study prescribed in the Manual ? 

5 — Name three qualifications of a good teacher and five arti- 
cles necessary in every school room. 

6 — \A^iat is the object of discipline and how is it best main- 
tained ? 

7 — How can lessons of morality best be inculcated by the 
teacher? Of what value are pictures in the schoolroom? 

8 — Give the titles of five books on the subject of education 
that are valuable to teachers and name the author of each. 

9 — Make an outline for a lesson on the subject of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase. 

10 — State at least three important purposes of review work, 
and give your views relative to examinations for promotion. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Name five proper and five improper incentives to study. 

B — In your opinion what is the most important work of the 
teacher ? 

C — What is meant by "good teaching," "good order" and 
'^"good government"? 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

September Examination. 

1 — Name three legal duties of a teacher in the Public Schools 
of West Virginia. 

? To what extent may the district school become the social 



250 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

center of the comnmnity ? What is the teacher's relation to the 
moral, social and religious interests of the coinmunity? 

3 — Give some characteristics of a teacher that contribute 
largely to his success. 

4 — Name five worthy motives to which a teacher may appeal 
and state how you would make use of them among different 
classes of pupils. 

5 — Make a schedule of daily recitations for a district school 
of twenty-five or thirty pupils. 

6 — Name the books you have read within a year and write a 
paragraph on some topic presented. 

7 — State three fundamental principles in the art of teaching. 

8 — What was the best thought suggested to you at the County 
Institute this year? 

9 — Give two or three methods that you would use in training 
the powers of observation and close attention. 

10 — Name three things you would do or have fixed in mind 
before the first day of school, and five things that you would do 
on the morning school opens. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Name five of the greatest educators America has produced. 
Tell what each has done. 

B — What were some of the most helpful suggestions you re- 
ceived from Schaeffer's Thinking and Barbe's Going to College? 

C — State three conditions that contribute tp a well ordered 
school. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

September Examination. 

1. Words ending in silent e drop the final e on the addi- 
tion of a syllable beginning with a vowel. Ex. — range, rang- 
ing; judge, judging. Exception; singe, singeing, (b) Y, pre- 
ceded by a consonant is changed to i on the addition of a syU 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 251 

lable not beginning with i. Ex. — glory, glorious; holy, holier; 
Exception; beauty, beauteous. 

2 — Dis-crim-i-na-tion, sym-bol-ic, Eo-man, prac-ti-cal, or- 
di-na-ry, like-wise, con-voke, eo-e-val, be-fore, ac-cede, com-plex, 
fi-nal. 

3 — Convince, to make believe by evidence; persuade, to win 
by eloquence or entreaty. (2) Abstinence, the act of abstain- 
ing from; temperance, the practice of self restraint and modera- 
tion in the use of anything. (3) Custom, common usage, es- 
pecially of a community; habit, a tendenc}' toward an action or 
condition, made spontaneous or unconscious by repetition; (4) 
human, possessing the nature of mankind; humane, having the 
kindness and tenderness which should belong to human beings. 
(5) surprised, excited by the occurrence of the unexpected; 
astonished, affected with wonder and surprise. 

4 — Apr. capt. Dr., a. m., W. Va., Thos., Hon. bbl., lb., Jan. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

May Examination. 



1. Orthography is the science which treats of letters and 
spelling. A monosyllable is a word of one syllable; a dissylla- 
ble is a word of two syllables; a polys3dlable is a word of four 
or more syllables. 

2. (a) A monosyllable or a word accented on the last syl- 
lable, if it ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, 
doubles the final consonant on the addition of a syllable begin- 
ning with a vowel; otherwise the final consonant is not doubled 
on the addition of a syllable, (b) The final clause in (a) 
applies, (c) y preceded by a consonant is changed to i on the 
addition of a syllable not beginning with i. 

3. On the rood of land is a rude cabin. The seer entered 
the woods whose sear leaves covered the ground. Sere usually 
has the same meaning as sear. The farmer will shear his sheep 
by sheer force, Not a tear fell from the eyes of those on the 
tier above. 



252 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

4. The number of syllables in a word is determined by the 
number of vowel sounds. Accent is a stress of voice laid on a 
particular syllable more than others. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

(1) Final e silent is generally omitted before a sufl&x begin- 
ning with a vowel. Grieve, grievance; please, pleasure. 

(2) Final e is generally retained before a suffix beginning 
with a consonant, pale, paleness; pave, pavement. 

(3) Final y is retained before the suffix ing. bury, burying; 
try, trying. 

2. A prefix is a syllable placed before a primitive or radical 
word, recall, subjoin. 

A suffix is a syllable placed after the radical, faithful, change- 
able. 

3. Ab-stract (noun), ab-stract (verb); at-trib-ute (noun), 
at-trib-ute (verb); fre-quent, (adj.), frequent (verb); min-ute 
(noun), mi-nute (adj.) ; com-pound (noun), compound (verb). 

4. Evidence is the fact or body of facts on which proof is 
based. Proof is a more comprehensive term than evidence and 
may be based on other things besides evidence. 

Nice means exact, precise, dainty. It is not a synonym for 
pretty in any sense though often so used in colloquial language? 

Old is familiar and commonplace in application. Ancient is 
applied to more stately or dignified things. Ancient is also a 
stronger term and means very old. Ancient is rarely applied 
to persons. 

Help expresses deeper need than aid. 

Able means having proper qualifications; efficient, having 
power to act. Usually the words are almost exact synonyms. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 



1. Oral spelling cultivates a clear, distinct and energetic 
articulation and a readiness of speech. Written spelling fixes 
the forms of words in the mind and gives practice in writing. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 253 

2. Number 1 in July. 

3. A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same 
meaning as another word, as, unlikely, improbable; regal, royal; 
heavenly, celestial. An antonym is a word having a meaning 
nearly or exactly opposite to that of another word, as weak, 
strong, crafty, simple; empty, full. 

4. Heed the counsel of a wise man. The air was filled with 
the perfume of the roses. He affects an adherence to principle 
and honor, which is not sincere. A cook-book usually contains 
one recipe for fruit-cake. 



READING. 
MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. See 3, 4, 11 and 12. 

2. The advantage of the phonic method of teaching reading 
ip that it cultivates the speech organs and leads to correct articu- 
lation. Both the word and the sentence methods have the ad- 
vantage of starting with the real unit of thought. The idea in 
the child's mind is not represented by a letter (old alphabetic 
method), or by a saund (phonic method), but by a word. The 
best results are probably secured by a combination of the word 
and the phonic methods. 

3-4. Ecquire personal answers. 

5. Teaching how to read is important because it develops 
the pupiFs power not only to grasp thought but also to formulate 
and express his own thought. It develops the mind. But teach- 
ing what to read is also important because it furnishes the pupil 
with his material for thought. It develops the mind and the 
cbaracter. 

6. Requires personal answer. 

7. (a) Miss Alcott's "Little Men" and "Little Women," 
"RobinscQi Crusoe/' Hawthorne's "Wonder Book" and Grand- 
father's Chair," "Tom Brown's School Days," Aldrich's "Story 
of a Bad Boy," Howard Pyle's "Story of King Arthur and His 
Knights," stories from history by E. S. Brooks, A. J. Church, 



254 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Hezekiah Butterworth, etc., Mrs. Ewing's "Jan of the Wind- 
mill/' Miss Mulock's "Little Prince/' etc., etc. 

(b) "St. Nicholas/' "The Youth's Companion/' "The Amer- 
ican Boy/' "Success/' "The Pathfinder/' "The West Virginia 
School Journal/' etc., etc. 

8. Have the class discuss the reading lesson before beginning 
tc read aloud. Have them write out the story of the lesson in 
their own words, write sentences describing objects, places or 
persons mentioned in the lesson, write from the dictionary 
definitions of some new words in the lesson, etc., etc. Older 
pupils may find interesting tasks in condensing narratives in 
the reader or history or in expanding them according to their 
own imaginations. 

9. Children should criticise one another's reading because 
this keeps them alert and interested in the recitation and makes 
them quick to notice their own errors, but the criticisms should 
not be so made as to disturb the pupil in the midst of his recita- 
tion. The teacher should so restrict them as not to cause any 
ill feeling between the reader and his critics. 

10. See 1 and 2. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A — Bancroft and Parkman. Longfellow, Whittier and Lo- 
well. Webster, Clay and Sumner. 

B — A grammatical pause is intended to show the sense and 
make the meaning clearer. A rhetorical pause shows emphasis 
and makes the meaning more forcible. 

C — (a) Pictures in the reader attract the pupil's eye and 
hence his attention and interest. 

(b) Morals and manners may be taught from the reading 
lessons, first, by allowing the thought of the lesson to exercise 
its natural and unconscious influence on the child-life and, 
second, by emphasizing and fixing this thought by tactful direc- 
tion of the class discussion and by appropriate illustrations or 
applications. 



u:n'iform examinations. 255 

july examination. 

1. Oral reading trains the vocal organs and develops power 
of expression of thought. Silent reading is a means of receiv- 
ing thought. ***** 

2. Modulation is the variation of the voice in reading or 
speaking. 

3. For Second and Third Grades — Perrault's "Mother 
Goose's Tales"; "The Hiawatha Primer"; "Heart of Oak 
Books," Nos. 1 and 2; "The Eugene Field Book"; Stevenson's 
"A Child's Garden of Verses" ; Firth's "Stories of Old Greece." 
For Fifth Grade— De Garmo's "Tale of Troy"; Lamb's "The 
Adventures of Ulysses" edited by Trent; Seton-Thompson's 
"Lobo, Bag and Vixen"; Long's "Ways of Woodfolk"; Stock- 
ton's "Fanciful Tales." 

4-5-6. See May. 

7-10. The author was Daniel Webster. It is the concluding 
paragraph in his reply to Senator Hayne of South Carolina 
in the United States Senate. 

What is the "gorgeous ensign?" Whose "miserable inter- 
rogatory" does he refer to ? What gesture did Webtser make as 
he spoke this paragraph? Who believed in "Liberty first and 
Union afterwards?" What do you suppose was the effect of 
the last words on the audience? 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. He should read the lesson over carefully, prepare ques- 
tions to bring out the pupils' ideas, prepare objects or pictures, 
if necessary, to illustrate points in the lesson, inform himself 
as to interesting facts concerning the authorship of the selec- 
tion or the topics referred to in it, and consider what points of 
special difficulty are likely to be encountered by individual 
pupils. 

2. See 8 and 9 May. 

3. By arousing the interest of the pupil, making the 
thought of the lesson clearer, and stimulating the imagination. 

4. In the lower grades at least reading is the most import- 



256 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINEE. 

ant study because all advanced studies are opened up and made 
easy of understanding just in proportion as the pupil learns 
to read accurately and with understanding? 

5. This question is not very plain. Perhaps it has been suffi- 
ciently answered above. 

6. By making the reading lesson attractive, leading the 
pupils to appreciate the literary excellence of the selections read 
in school, surrounding them with suitable supplementary read- 
ing in the school room, directing their reading at home where 
this is possible, and by talking to them about good books and the 
characters and stories found in them. 

7. (a) Parkman, Bancroft, Motley, Prescott, John Fiske. 

(b) Longfellow, Whittier, Poe, Bryant, James Whit- 
comb Riley. 

(c) Mark Twain, Bill Nye, Frank E. Stockton. 

8. Because stories of this kind are the product of a stage 
in the development of the race corresponding to the point in 
mental development reached by the child-mind. They there- 
fore afford a valuable means not only of securing and maintain- 
ing interest in such a mind but also of stimulating it and aid- 
ing its further development. See above for books containing 
such stories. 

9-10. The author was George P. Morris. Questions — (1) 
What is meant by woodman? (3) What is a cot? (3) Why 
did the woodman want to cut the tree down? (4) Why did the 
author wish the tree to ])e spared? (o) Was the tree more 
valuable because his forefather had set it out ? 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A-B-C. All previously answered. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 257 

PEKMA^SHIP. 

Answers by D. M. Willis. 

MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. Answer. There are two systems, vertical and slant. 
They differ in slant and form. The extended vertical letters are 
shorter and the short letters are higher than those of the slant 
system. 

2. By "form" is meant first the shape of the letters or char- 
acters, and second, the arrangement of the written matter. By 
"movement'^ is meant the motion of the hand and arm in writ- 
ing. "Movement" should have enough attention in order to 
enable the student to have absolute control of the pen. At- 
tention should be given to form to give the student an exact 
mental picture of the standard letters. 

3. The position of the pen. Hold the hand in the position 
it is in walking, lay the ^^en across the nail of the second finger 
in front of the first finger and permit it to cross near the third 
joint of the first finger, and hold in place by pressing lightly 
against the pen opposite the first joint of the first finger, then 
bend the third and fourth fingers slightly and turn the hand 
towards the body until the wrist is level. 

The edge of the paper should be parallel with the forearm. 
The arm should never be bent at the elbow at an angle less than 
a right angle. 

The pupil should sit erect with right side slightly to the ta- 
ble, to enable the right arm to rest on the table to the elbow. 

4. Let us take "m" first. This letter is one space in height. 
The best explanation of "space" is, that it is one fourth the dis- 
tance between the rule lines of the paper on which you are writ- 
ing. The "1" is two and one-half to three spaces. The "r" is 
one and one-fourth; the "t" is two; the "k" is three and the "g" 
is one space. 

5-10. Call for specimen of writing. 



258 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. It concentrates all the attention on form and the student 
merely imitates the copy. It ^prevents him from developing 
movements and acquiring smooth gliding motion of the hand 
which is so essential in good writing. 

2. Same as No. 3 above. 



3. 



Ans. Position 



Movement 



Of the body. 

Desk. 

Hand. 

Pa^Der. 

Pen. 

Arm. 

Hand . 

Fingers. 



Form 



4-10- 



f^ 1. Shape of letters, including slant. 
1 2. Arrangement. 

-Specimen of writing. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. Primary pupils must necessarily imitate, to a certain extent, 
and this limits the teaching of writing largely to copy. After 
ten years of age the student should be taught to write with the 
muscular movement. 

2. Same as 'No. 3 in examination of May 26. 
3-10. Call for specimen. 



ARITHMETIC — MAY EXAMINATION. 



SOLUTIONS BY W G. BROWN. 



(a) A pile of wood 4 ft.X4 ft.X40 ft.=5 C. 

(b) $2.80X5=$14.00: Price of wood. 

(c) 60 ft. wire @ 18c a yard=$3.60. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 



259 



(d) 60 oz. lead @ 12c a lb.=45c. 

(e) 2 pk. Clover Seed @ $3.00 a bu.=$1.50. 

(f) 22 lb. Sugar @ oc a lb.=$1.00. 

(g) $3.60+45c+$1.50+$1.00=$6.55 : Amt. traded out. 
(h) $14.00— $6.55=$7.45; Cash received. 



1 'Z '6. 

"Z 3 4 

+ — 



rj 



i 



5 

12 



3. 


(a) 




tb) 




(c) 




(d) 




(e) 




(i) 


4. 


(a) 




(b) 


5. 


(a) 




(b) 




(c) 




(d) 




(e) 




(1) 


days) 


(g) 

73 

(b) 


6. 


(a) 




(b) 


7. 


(1) 




(2) 




(3) 




(4) 




(5) 



If 1/5 of the sum=324. 

324X5=1620: the sum. • , . 

1620—112=1508. 

1508 ~ 2=754. ', ■ ' . ■ • 

754+112=866: larger. 

754=smaller. 

.024=.0240. 

.0240-4-.0006=40. 

$300 @ 5%=$15.00 interest for oaie yr. 

90 days^l/4 of a yr. ' 

1/4 of $15.00=$3.75 interest for 90 days. 

3 days=l/30 of 90 days. 

1/30 of $3.75=$0.13 interest for 3 days of grace. 

Amount=$300+$3.88 or $303.88. 

Discount at 6% on this sum for (20 days from 93 

days=$3.70. 

$303.88— $3.70=$300.18. 

20 joists 8'X10'X14'=1867 ft. 

$18X1.867=$33.61. 

33 1/3% of $4.50=$1.50. 

$4.50+$1.50=$6.00 : marked price. 

16 2/3% of $6.00=$1.00 : discount. 

$6.00— $1.00=$5.00: selling price. 

$5.00— $4.50=50c: gain. 



260 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



10. 



(6 

(7 

(8 

(1 
(3 
(3 
(4 
(1 
(^ 
(3 

(0 



Let $4.50=100%. 
$1.00=22 2/9%. 

50c=ll 1/9% : per cent, af gain. 
43X43=1849: square of perpendicular. 
80X80=6400: square of hypotenuse. 
0400—1849=4551. 

y4551=67.45-|-ft. : base or (lis. required. 
100%— 20%=80%: price of stock. 
Since 6%=$3.90: income. 

1%=$65. 

80%=$6200: Investment. 



(•^) 



\ 25 

I G 

\u 

] 25 
1 6 



12 

-0 : 

2 I 

J 

12 j 

80 [ 

2 i 



10^ : X, 



36 
32 



35 



(o) Since - = 10^ hr. 
32 

(4) 1 I 3 

— = — of lOi hr. = — hr. 
32 35 10 

(5) 32 3 3 

— = — X 32 = 9 — hr. 
32 10 5 

(6) .*. the men must work 9 3-5 hrs. a day. 

(A)—* 

(1) 285 ft.— 6 ft.=2T9 ft: length of row. 
(2) 279 ft-^3 ft.=93:rows. 

(3) 279 ft. X 93=25947: distance walked. 

(4) 25947 ft.=4 mi., 292 rds., 9 ft. 
(2) Since 6%=$390: iniccome. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 261 

(B)- 

(1) 1014 sq. in.-^6=lG9 : surface 1 face. 

(2) V169=13: edge of cube. 

( 3 ) y\ = 2197 : No. cu. in. in eube. 

(C)- 

(1) Let 100%=valne of pork. 

(2) 100%— 10%=90% : cost. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAE. 

A-NSWERS BY DAVID DALE JOHNSON. 
MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. Grammar treats of the principles which govern the forms 
and relations of words in sentences and teaches what usages of 
language are correct. 

A sentence is a group of related words making complete 
sense. 

2. With respect to form sentences are three kinds: simple, 
complex and compound. 

Harvey's "New English Grammar" (p. 186) says: — "The 
grammatical subject is the simple subject." Ex. — A man of 
wealth lives there. Man is the grammatical subject. Whitney's 
"Essentials -of English Grammar" (p. 70, 317) says: — "When 
it (or there) stands as a subject of a verb instead of a phrase 
or clause which is the real subject and which is then put after 
the verb, it is called the grammatical subject, etc. "Ex. — 
It is not difficult to die. There came a voice from heaven. 
Some other grammars agree with Whitney. 

3. The four classes of pronouns with respect to use are: 
"Personal, demonstrative, interrogative and relative. Ex. — It 

was L This key was in that lock. Who took the book? The 
man who took the book returned it again. 

4. It was a cold evening in March. The air was full of fine 
snow and the wind was keen. Mother Hound and her four little 
ones were asleep in the large kennel but Father Hound's eyes 
w^ere wide open. There was a noise by the fence. "Who is 
there?" said Father Hound in a deep growl. Out from the 



262 



THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 



bushes came a little gray dog. He was hungry and cold. He 
wagged his tail and looked up at the big dog without saying a 
word. "Where did you come from?" said Father Hound. 

5. Bears, subject nominative. 
Game, objective after a verb. 
Tag, objective after a preposition. 
You, subject nominative. 
Them, objective after a verb. 
Night, adverbial objective. 

Bear, objective in apposition to them. 
One, objective after a participle. 
Star, objective after a preposition. 

6. Simple sentence — Upon receiving news of his son's ill- 
ness the man returned home. 

Complex sentence — When he received news of his son's ill- 
ness the man returned home. 

Compound sentence — News was received of his son's illness 
and the man then returned home. 

7. 

I pause 



to think 



with admiration 
of king 

the~ 

noble 

who ( possessed [ virtues 



m person 



his 
single 



who I preserved 



all 
the 
old 
Saxon 

language 



m care 



the 

beautiful 
old 
Saxon 



his 

to instruct | people 



his 



Diagram according to Harvey's "New English Granunar.' 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 263 

8. To think is an infinitive verb; irregular; principal parts: 
Think, thought, thought; intransitive; it depends upon pause. 

AVho is a pronoun; relative; it represents a preceding word 
or phrase to which it joins a limiting clause; its antecedent is 
man; simple; masculine gender; third person, singular number 
to agree with its antecedent; nominative case, subject of the 
verb possessed. 

Possessed is a verb; regular; principal parts: Possess, pos- 
sessed, possessed; transitive; active voice; common form, in- 
dicative mode, past tense ; third person, to agree with its subject 
who. 

In is a preposition; it shows the relation of its object, care, 
to preserved. 

His is a pronoun; personal; simple; its antecedent is king; 
masculine gender, third person, singular number, to agree with 
its antecedent; declined; singular, nom. he, poss. his, obj. him; 
plural, nom. they, poss, their, obj. them; possessive case limiting 
people. 

Beautiful is an adjective; descriptive; compared, beautiful, 
more beautiful, most beautiful; positive degree and belongs to 
language. . 

9. Noun clause — "Where the child went" is not known. 
Adjective clause — the child "who was lost" has been found 

again. 

Adverb clause — I will pay you "when I get the money." 

10. Eequires personal answer. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. The chief use of language is to express thought. Oral 
language is the expression of thought by the voice; written lan- 
guage, the expression by written or printed characters. 

2. Abbreviations are used to save space in writing or print- 
ing. They ought not to be used in oral language because they 
are unnecessary. 

4. This is a complex declarative sentence in which, Emer- 
son says, etc., is the main clause. Emerson is the subject, says, 



264 THE WEST VIRGIXIA EXAMINER. 

the predicate, the latter, a transitive , verb, being completed by 
the direct object, the noun clause, it is not the eye that sees but 
(it is) the man behind the eye (that sees). In this clause there 
are two co-ordinate clauses connected by the conjunction but. 
In the first, it is not the eye that sees, it is the subject, is, the 
predicate, and eye the predicate nominative. Is is modified by 
the negative adverb not. Eye is modified by the article the and 
by the adjective clause, that sees, in which the pronoun that is 
the subject and sees the predicate. In the second clause man 
is the predicate nominative and is modified by the article the, 
by the adjective prepositional phrase, behind the eye, and by 
the adjective clause, (that sees). In the prepositional phrase 
eye is the object of behind and is modified by the article the. 

5. A phrase is a group of words not containing a subject or 
predicate but forming a single element in the sentence. Ad- 
verbial phrases and adjective phrases. A preposition. 

6. The farmer told the boy to take the two horses to the 
stable before it grew too dark. Two is a cardinal numeral ad- 
jective, attributive, modifying horses. To is a preposition gov- 
erning the noun stable. Too is an adverb of degree modifying 
the adjective dark. 

7. Give comparative forms of : Few, little, many, much, and 
far. Fewer, less, more, more, farther. 

8. 1. Unless should be used because it is a subordinating con- 
junction while without is a preposition. 2. Teach instead of 
learn, the difference being one of meaning. Learn is not a 
synonym for instruct. 3. Fewer instead of less. Fewer means 
smaller in number while less means smaller in bulk. 

9. 1. By using different words, masc, gander; fem., goose. 

2. By using feminine suffix, hunter, huntress. 

3. By prefixing noun or pronoun, man-servant, maid-serv- 
ant; he-goat, she-goat. 

10. Who refers to persons. What, to things or living beings 
not persons. 

Which can refer to either persons or things and is selective. 
It asks concerning one out of a definite group already known. 



■ UNIFORAI EXAMINATIONS. 265 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. A verb which is emplo3Td to aid the principal verb b}' as- 
serting or expressing some condition of the act or state is called 
an auxiliary. Do, be, have, shall, will. 

B. He came early. I looked everywhere. He went, therefore, 
to the judge. He speaks eloquently. He is nearly dead. 

C. An adjective element. By the use of the preposition of 
with the objective case. John's hat, the hat of John. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. 1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case. 

2. The predicate after the verb to be or other verb express- 

ing existence is in the same case as the s,ubject. 

3. A noun or pronoun limiting another noun is put in the 

possessive case unless a preposition is used. 

4. Pronouns agree with their antecedents in person and 

number. 

5. Use the proper verbal "form and the proper auxiliary. 

2. Give illustrations under each of the above. 

1. He is taller than me (I). He is not one whom (who) I 

thought would do this. 

2. He thought they were us (we). I knew it to l)e he 

(him) . 

3. He saw tlie effect of them (their) giving. I heard of 

John (John's) being there. 

-I. Everyone knew their (his) lesson. Each of the chil- 
dren had an orange to take to their (his) home. 

5. I done (did) it. Can (may) I speak to John? He al- 
ways has (ol)jected) and always will oliject. 
Xote — The corrected forms are given in parenthesis. 

3. Fill blanks with the proper personal pronouns. Give 
reasons for choice. (Reasons count half). 

(a) Neither of us is willing to give up- claim. 

(b) Each of us has faults. 

(c) Neither the judge nor the jurors were unprejudiced in 
— opinion. 



266 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

In (a) and (b) use his because neither and each are singular 
but in (c) use their because neither in this sentence has one of 
its antecedents, jurors, plural and the verb were is plural, hence 
the pronoun should be plural. 

4. A finite verb asserts action, being or state as limited to 
a certain time (tense) and manner (mode). An infinitive 
expresses without asserting. The action, being or state is named 
without any limitations as to time or manner. Infinitive means 
unlimited. 

5. Lay the book on the table and lie down on the couch. 
The bench on which they sit is firmly set in the wall. The mer- 
chant expects prices to rise and will raise the salaries of his 
employees. The enemy flee in disorder. The birds fly. 

6. Lay, set, raise, fly, are, transitive though set and fly are 
also intransitive. Ex. — He set the clock. The sun sets. Boys 
fly kites. Birds fly. Lie, sit, rise, flee, are intransitive. A 
transitive verb takes an object denoting the receiver or product 
of the action, as, clock, kites, in the sentences above. 

7. 1. Surround the pupils with good literature. 

2. Correct their mistakes in English in a systematic 
manner. 

3. Use good English in conversation with the pupils 
both in school and out. 

8 and 9. Require personal answers. 

10. Kennedy, taking from her a handkerchief edged with 
gold, pinned it over her eyes; the executioners, holding her by 
the arm, led her to the block; and the queen, kneeling down, 
said repeatedly with a firm voice: "Into Thy hands, Lord, 
I commend my spirit." 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. An idiom is an expression peculiar to some one lan- 
guage, usually not capable of regular grammatical construction 
or of literal translation into another language. Ex. — To catch 
cold, I did not go to do it. 

B. Parsing consists: in (1) naming the part of speech, (2) 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 267 

telling its properties, (3) pointing out its relation to other 
words, (4) giving the rule for its construction. Giving the 
construction is simply the third of the above operations. 

C. This is a complex, declarative sentence. Thrice is he 
armed is the main clause. He is the subject, is, the predicate, 
armed, the predicate adjective. He is modified by the adjective 
clause, who hath his quarrel just. The participal adjective 
armed is modified by the numeral adverb, thrice. In the subor- 
dinate adjective clause. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. See Physiology No. 6. 

2. Dust particles are likely to be inhaled. It results in 
snoring in the sleep. 

3. See 13. 

4. See 4. 

5. Protection for the flesh, location of nerves of sense of 
touch, also, glands, etc. 

6. Chyme is the state to which the food is reduced in the 
stomach while chyle is the name given state of food during in- 
testinal absorption. 

7. It is composed of the vertebrae, 24 in number, extending 
from the base of the skull to the pelvis and is commonly known 
as "the backbone." It serves as attachment for ribs, muscles 
and by aid of cartilaginous tissues gives great freedom of move- 
ment and rest to the other portions of the body. 

8. See 33 and 34. 

9. See 15. 

10. See 16. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. The muscular and tendinous saucer-shaped partition be- 
tween the cavity of the chest and abdomen. See 22. 

B, See 42, It is said to be the "seat of life.'^ 



268 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. See 4. 

2. (a) See 7, 14, 37, etc. (b) The expense limits purchase 
of home comforts ; the example is bad ; the hereditary effects are 
far-reaching. (c) The example; the silly boring lessens 
friends; (d) The State demands good sober citizens; and an 
example of purer morals for the youth. 

3. See 6 in Theory and Art. 

4. See 4. , 

5. Heart, arteries, lungs, capillaries and veins. 

6. See number 12. No. 

• 7. One under control of the will. One not under control of 
the will. Involuntary. 

8. See 39 and 40. 

9. See 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30. 

10. Action of oxygen upon the red corpuscles. It becomes 
brighter and purer in the lungs for this reason. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. See 6 Theory and Art. 

2. The process of purifying air. 

3. A disease communicated by contact, virus or bodily ex- 
halation. Smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, mumps, yellow 
fever. 

4. The heart is a hollow, double muscular organ in which 
are four chambers known as right and left auricles and ven- 
tricles. Because they are "two-pointed." 

5 and 6. See May and July. 

7. See 13. 

8. See 12. Nutrition includes all the various processes by 
which the nutritive portions of food become embodied in the 
different tissues and changes undergone prior to its excretion. 
Secretion is the process by which material is separated from 
the blood through the agency of cells of the sundry glands. Ex- 
cretion is the expulsion or discharge of substance unfit to 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 369 

remain in the body. Afferent means those conducting impulses 
inward while efferent conducts them outward. 

9. Skull, see 41 ; abdomen, see 24, 13. N'ames of bones 
forming such cavities can be found in table in 2. 

10. See 13. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. See 72. 

B. See 4 above. Alcohol slows heart action and changes the 
muscular to fatty tissue. Narcotics deaden and numb the sensi- 
bility of the heart, load it with poison, eventually causing "cir- 
rhosis,^' etc. 

C. Number 5 in May examination. 



GENEEAL HISTOEY. 

NOVEMBER EXAMINATION. 1903. 

1 — Ancient, from the earliest time to the fall of Eome, 476 
A. D. ; Mediaeval, from 476, A. D. to the Capture of Constan- 
tinople, 1453 ; Modern, from the Capture of Constantinople to 
the present. 

2 — Historians believe the location of the birth place of the 
human race to be on the table lands of Persia and Bactria in 
Asia. 

3 — Confucius is the Latinized form of Kong-fu-tse, a Chi- 
nese sage, who lived about 551-478 B. C. He was the author 
of a political-religious system which is today the foundation of 
Chinese laws and education. Confucianism is a term applied 
to the ethical and political system of Confucius as combined by 
him with the ancient religion of China. The system teaches 
five moral relations — (1) to the emperor, (2) to parents, (3) 
to brothers or sisters, (4) to husbands or wives, (5) to friends; 
and it commands the worship of God by the emperor, of hostsof 
spirits by the magistrates, and of ancestors by all. 

4 — Carthage was the great maritime power of the world, 
with colonies on the coast of Spain, in Sicily and Sardinia. 



270 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Rome was confined to peninsular Italy, had a well trained 
land army, but no navy. 

5 — The Crusades, (1095-1270), consisted of a series of mili- 
tary expeditions, fitted out by the Christian nations of Europe, 
for the purpose of driving the Mohammedans from Palestine 
and gaining possession of the Holy Sepulcher. The first cru- 
sade was preached by Peter the Hermit. 

These expeditions failed at their direct object but produced 
great results: 

(1) They saved Europe from Saracenic invasion. 

(2) Commerce was revived between Europe and Asia. 

(3) The Italian cities became rich and cultured. 

(4) A strong middle class in society was developed. 

(5) The popes acquired vast wealth and influence. 

6 — Philip II. of Spain, angered because Queen Elizabeth 
aided the Protestants in the Netherlands, determined to conquer 
England. In July, 1588, the fleet of 140 vessels, that the Span- 
iards proudly called "The Invincible Armada," was met off 
Plymouth Harbor by the English under the famous admirals, 
Howard, Drake, Hawkins and Frobisher, and in a few days the 
great fleet that had been three years in building was beaten and 
driven before the English vessels in ruinous flight. Only about 
one-third of the Spanish vessels returned to Spain. 

7 — Julius Caesar was born 100 B. C. of a famous patrician 
family; his name, pleasing address, and wonderful talents, 
soon led him up through the various offices in the gift of the 
people, till at the age of 40, he with Pompey and Crassus, 
formed the "First Triumvirate." Caesar obtained the consul- 
ship and was made governor of Gaul, where he spent nine years 
conquering the barbarians and training an army. Quarreling 
with Pompey, he defeated him at Pharsalia (48 B. C), and 
at Thapsus (46 B. C), and Munda (45 B. C.) completed the 
destruction of all opposition. He was now dictator of Eome. 
Now, the man who had proved himself the greatest general of 
his age, and who had by his "Commentaries" made himself im- 
mortal in literature, addressed himself to the task of adminis- 
tering justice and restoring order at Rome, He revised tlio 
calendar and planned public improvements on a vast scale. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 271 

But the hatred and envy of those whom he had befriended re- 
sulted in his assassination by Cassius, Brutus and others, 44 
B. C. 

8. Time, 1789. Place, France. See 180. See number 2, 
July. 

9. Number 10, July, 

Wm. E. Gladstone was long prime minister of England, in 
the reign of Queen Victoria, the champion of home rule for 
Ireland, and perhaps the greatest English statesman of the 19th 
century. 

10 — In all, 67 pyramids have been discovered, and explored 
in Egypt. The three great pyramids of Gizeh were built by 
Khufus or Cheops, and his successors. The great pyramid, 
480 ft. high, covering 13 acres, is believed to be the oldest 
monument in l^gy-pt. It was intended as a burial place for the 
ambitious Cheops. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Number 10, July. 

B. It was the war between France and England — 1328 to 
1453. Battles of Crecy, Potiers, Agincourt and Siege of Or- 
leans. Characters: King Edward, "Black Prince", Joan of 
Arc. Incidents: First use of gunpowder; successes of "The 
Maid of Orleans ; her death at the stake. 

C. Number 5 in July. 



MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. Egyptian monotheism was mixed with the basest poly- 
theism. The double character in race remained jn religion. 
Every town in Egypt had its sacred animals and local divini- 
ties. The local deities were supposed to be connected with the 
one great god Ea. 

The whole system of government rested with the king, who 
at times was very despotic. Law was administered by judges 
who acted in the king's name. Court decisions and royal de- 
crees were carefully recorded. 



272 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Coeducation did not exist. Circumcision was practiced but 
not as a sacred rite. Marriage laws were not definite. There 
was no sjeparation into castes, but man}^ occupations were he- 
reditary. 

2. The Christian religion is founded upon the teachings of 
Christ. Its doctrines are recorded in the jSTew Testament 
which also records the fulfillment of many of the prophesies of 
the Old Testament. This religion has spread largely through 
the work of missionaries. 

Mohammedanism is the religion founded by Mohammed who 
claimed to be God's prophet. He contended that his creed was 
the only orthodox faith; that it had existed from the beginning 
of the world, and that it had been the religion from Adam to 
his day. The teachings of this prophet are recorded in the Ko- 
ran, which was intended to supersede the Gospel. Mohammed 
did not deny Christ but classified him among the prophets. 

Buddhism is the great original religion. Its head existed 
centuries before the birth of Christ and may be said to be the 
prevailing faith of the world. Most eastern countries have each 
a bible, which give the teac^hings and principles of Buddhism. 
It teaches the transmigration of souls. It does not affirm or 
deny that there is a supreme ruler of the universe. 

3. The word feudalism, etymologically and historically, de- 
notes joroperty held as a reward or in consideration of special 
service, usually military service. Pure feudalism developed in 
Gaul after the coming of the Franks. Other nations, as Eng- 
land, developed simultaneously and indcpendenth^, their own 
feudal society. England later received, in the Norman Con- 
quest, pure feudalism upon an English superstructure. 

In feudal society everything belonged to the king or lord. 
Land tenure was the tie which bound all public relations. 
Some held land under free tenure, socage tenure; others were 
villiens, who were not permitted to leave the lord's estate with- 
out his consent. The knights were the lord's warriors and held 
land, if at all, as a knight's fee. 

Among the results of feudalism may be mentioned the years 
of struggle between kings and their subjects, the nobles, which 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 273 

led to absolute monarchy. The system of land tenure in many 
European countries shows traces of feudal tenure. 

4. Hannibal was the sworn enemy to Eome. He marched 
into Spain, which he soon conquered. He then passed over the 
Alps to Northern Ital}^ where at Cannae, he inflicted a crush- 
ing defeat upon Eome. After years of gallant and brilliant 
service in Southern Italy, he returned to Carthage and was de- 
feated at Zama. 

The Punic wars were fought to determine whether the Ita- 
lian seas should have a Eoman or a Phoenician mistress. There 
were three Punic wars. The first 265-241 B. C; the second, 
the one in which Hannibal took part, 218-201; third, 153-146, 
in which Carthage was taken and razed to the ground. 

5. Homer and Aeschylus, Virgil and Horace, Goethe and 
Schiller, Shakespeare and Miton, and Longfellow and Haw- 
thorne. 

6. Magna Charta was a document forced from King John by 
liis groat nobles. Its date was 1215. It acknowledges, among 
other things, the freedom of the church, the right to bear arms, 
the right of trial, and that there should be no taxation without 
representation. 

7. A. The establishment of the Court of High Commission. 

B. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. 

C. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 

D. Passage of the Great Poor Law. 

E. The new impetus given to commerce and Protestant- 
ism. 

8. Printing by means of stamping with pieces of wood was 
used in very ancient times by the Chinese. The credit of the 
discovery of movable type is contested by the Dutch in favor 
of Castor, between 1420 and ^26; and by the Germans in favor 
of John Gansfleisch of Gutenberg, about 1438. Gutenberg 
wished to print the bible in some way which would most nearly 
resemble the manuscripts. Caxton brought printing into Eng- 
land. 

9. Vladivostok and Port Arthur. 
10. This was a massacre of a large number of the Jewish 
people in Eussia. 



274 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. (1) Alfred the Great. He is noted for his patronage of 
letters and learning, also for effecting the treaty of Wedmore, 
(876.) 

(2) Henry II. The Constitutions of Clarendon were given 
in his reign. The grand jury had its origin and he bought the 
Auftivan dominions. 

(3) Edward I. He carried on the plans of Henry II. This 
was the great law-making period. The war with Scotland began 
and Wales was conquered. 

(4) Henry VIII. English church separated from the Eo- 
man Catholic. Monasteries were destroyed. Absolutism was 
supreme. He was a friend to learning. 

(5) Queen Elizabeth. The High Commission Court was 
used; Queen Mary executed, Armada defeated, and the Great 
Poor Law passed in her reign. Many great authors lived then. 

2. The French Eevolution was not, as too many are in- 
clined to think, either the reign of the guillotine, the storming 
of the Bastile, the rule of the Paris mob, or the Eeign of Ter- 
ror. It was not all the above combined. It is true the "French 
Eevolution" suggests all the above named things. The French 
Eevolution was truly a great and permanent reformation ac- 
companied by bloodsheds and disorder. It did away with abuses 
and unjust laws. It marked the breaking down of "the old 
system" and the coming of the new. In fact the old system and 
a realization of its unfitness was the cause of the Eevolution. 

3. Socrates was the educator as opposed to the instructor. 
He is father of the socratic method. His favorite maxim was, 
"Know Thyself." 

Plato was the philosopher of noble birth. He early became 
a pupil of Socrates. In the "Eepublic" he has pictured to us 
an ideal state. In his doctrines he approached very near the 
teaching of Christianity. 

Aristotle marks the culmination of Hellenic philosophical 
genius. He began those minute observations and their classi- 
fication which led to a development of science. He was Alex- 
ander's teacher. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 275 

4. (1) The life of the Greek rested uj^on the political, so- 
cial, and religious freedom of the individual. They encouraged 
letters, art, and science. The above are chief among the ideals 
of modern nations. 

(2) The greatest defts in social Greece were the low place as- 
signed the mother in the home and the institution of slavery, 

5. Napoleon could not rest under the treaty which he had 
made with Tsar Alexander I. at Tolsit. Eussia, because of her 
isolation was beyond the Emperor's control. He feared the 
Tsar's policy of annexing Finland and the Canubian provinces, 
and wished to re-establish the independence of Poland. To 
thwart these plans and carry out his intention he collected a 
large army to invade Eussia. The Eussians led him far into 
their country, to Moscow, where they burnt the town over his 
head and devastated the country around him. This was done 
in the winter. The cold, the want of food, and the harassing 
attacks of the Cossacks forced I^apoleon to retreat. The ele- 
ments combined with tried soldiers of the Tsar in forcing a 
most signal military victory. 

6. Number 2 in May. 

7. (a) Militades won the battle of Marathon. Scipio de- 
feated Hannibal at ZamaZ. (b) Homer wrote the Iliad. Virgil 
the Aeneid. (c) Xenophom wrote the Anabasis. Tacitus tells 
of the Germans and frontier life in the Eoman provinces, (d) 
Demosthenes is noted for his "Oration on the Crown." Cicero 
spoke in the Eoman Senate against Cataline. (e) Pollygnotus, 
"The Painted Porch." Van Enycks, originates oil painting. 

8. Upon learning that the English under Wellington and 
the Prussians under Blucher were collecting in the Netherlands, 
Napoleon decided to attack them. In the first engagement he 
defeated and drove back the Prussians. Wellington in the 
meantime had taken his station south of Brussels, at Waterloo. 
Here Napoleon attacked him and might have defeated the Eng- 
lish had not Blucher recovered and opportunely re-enforced 
the English. The battle was fought June, 1815. 

9. England, Holland, France and Spain were the most 
active England obtained land along the Atlantic coast in 
North America, Holland, what is now New York, France, what 



376 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

is now Canada, and Spain most of South America and the 
southern part of North America. 

10. Hastings was Governor General of India. Martin Lu- 
ther was a religious Reformer. Bismarck was the greatest 
German statesman. Charlotte Corday is sometimes called the 
Joan of Arc of the French Eevolution. She assassinated Marat. 
Disraeli was the E'arl of Beaconsfield, a noted Jew, who became 
Prime Minister in England. Savanarola was a Florentine re- 
former. He was also instrumental in establishing the Floren- 
tine republic. Lord Nelson was a celebrated English Admiral, 
killed at Trafalgar. Chaucer was the first great English poet. 
Louis XIA^. was a French monarch. Admiral Cervera was the 
commander of the Spanish squadron, defeated by Commodore 
Schley. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. Caesar came to Britain in pursuit of some refugees from 
Gaul, in 55 B. C. He made two expeditions to the island but 
conquered but little of it. The great Eoman conqueror, in 
Britain, was Agrieola, who came more than a century after 
Caesar. He built a wall from the firth of Forth to the Clyde, 
which marked the northern limit of Eoman conquest. The 
Eomans built many roads, buildings, etc. 

2. Sparta was the seat of oligarchy. Athens was a republic. 
The Spartan was under strict discipline, which is said to have 
made her hard, narrow and ignorant. The Athenian tastes 
were more intellectual and refined. Athens sought to develop 
what was in body and mind; Sparta enslaved mind to muscle. 
Athens was a power and factor in Greece longer than Sparta. 

3. Under the Caesars there was a stability, tranquillity, and 
prosperity which continued for a long time. It was due to the 
fact that all countries were united and preferred the rule of a 
Caesar to anarchy. No independent authority flourished under 
a Caesar. The plebs gradually lost what few privileges they 
had under Augustus and in time simply accepted, instead of 
electing, their officers. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 377 

The powers had been granted to Augustus, but they, in time, 
came to be voted en hloc to subsequent emperors. The grants 
were characterized by few changes. Assemblies were used as 
tools. The consulship continued to exist, but when Caligula 
made his horse a consul, he only expressed the insignificance, 
which came to be attached to the position of the ancient chief 
magistracy. The noble Eoman Senate became lifeless. 

4. In 1588, Philip II. was the chief defender of Catholi- 
cism. England, through Elizabeth, had become largely Protes- 
tant. The efforts at diplomacy and international marriages had 
resulted in nothing to help the Catholic cause. Philip, as a 
last resort fitted out the "Invincible Armada." The fleet was 
to sail to Flanders and bring over, into Engand, the veteran 
chief, Parma, who was doing great service for the Catholics. 
The fleet was met by Drake and Hawkins. They allowed the 
Spanish to sail up the Channel and then aided by a heavy storm 
followed it. The great Armada was thrown into confusion and 
most of the vessels were destroyed. 

5. (a) The crusades occurred in the eleventh, twelfth and 
thirteenth centuries, (b) A great many went upon crusades for 
honor and gain; most persons went with the sole object of forc- 
ing the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of the infidel. 

A and B. Answers found in May and July. 



U. S. HISTOEY. 

MAY EXAMINATION. 



1. Virginia was settled at Jamestown in 1607 by London 
emigrants. There was much suffering from the conduct of the 
settlers, and several years passed before it was securely estab- 
lished. 

Massachusetts was settled at Plymouth in 1620 by a com- 
pany of 102 Puritans. They suffered many hardships, but 
overcame them all with patience and perseverance. 

Georgia was the last settled of the 13 original colonies. This 



378 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

occurred at Savannah by Gen. Oglethorpe in 1733. It was a 
home for the poor and friendless. 

2. Ponce de Leon set sail from Porto Eico in 1512, to hunt 
for gold and a magic fountain of youth. He failed in these 
two particulars but discovered Florida. 

Balboa undertook an exploring expedition on the Isthmus of 
Panama, in 1513 ; hearing from the natives that a large body of 
water lay to the southward, he at once set off through dense 
forests and at last gazed upon the mighty Pacific Ocean. 

De Soto was a cruel, greedy Spaniard, who in 1539 set out 
with a troop of 600 picked men in search of fortune. He landed 
at Tampa Bay, marched north to what is now northern Geor- 
gia; then turned west and in 1541 reached the Mississippi river, 
in what is now the northwestern corner of Mississippi. Thus 
was the mighty river discovered by one whose purpose was 
robbery and murder. 

3. On a map showing the eastern portion of New York, 
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the States of New Jersey, Dela- 
ware and Maryland would be marked the important battle fields 
of Long Island and the two fields near Saratoga Springs in 
New York, Germantown in Southeastern Pennsylvania, Tren- 
ton in New Jersey, and Yorktown in Virginia. 

4. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, his duties were to 
attend to the foreign business and relations of the government. 
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, his duties were to 
superintend the finances of the new government. Henry Knox, 
Secretary of War, his duties were to have the management of 
all military affairs of the government. Edmund Eandolph, 
Attorney General, his duties were to give the government ad- 
vice in matters of law. 

5. In 1803 Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana 
for $15,000,000. Though some complained at the President's 
actions, and denied his right to make the purchase, the wisdom 
of the President's policy is now apparent to all. The possession 
of it more than doubled our territory, prevented England from 
getting control of it, and gave us entire possession of the Mis- 
sissippi river. 

6. The Cotton Gin was invented in 1763 by Eli Whitney. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 279 

This removed the seeds from cotton fiber, and enabled one man 
to do the work of a thousand. 

The Electric Telegraph was invented by Prof. S. F. B. Morse, 
and put into successful operation in 1844. The first line was 
between Washington and Baltimore. 

The Electric Light was invented by Thomas A. Edison and 
exhibited by him as a novelty at the Centennial Exposition. 
For several years he labored to perfect this invention. His 
success is shown in the almost universal use of this method of 
illumination. 

7. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on condition that 
all states formed, in the future, north of 36 degrees 30 minutes, 
should come in free. Congress passed this act in 1820. 

8. Andrew Jackson was the first President from the ranks 
of the poor. His early life was spent in the backwoods. He 
knew more of weapons and horses than of books. He practiced 
law, but was meant by nature for a soldier. He became a gen- 
eral in the war of 1812. In 1828 he was elected President, 
and was re-elected in 1832. His administration is character- 
ized by the introduction of the "spoils system," the abolition of 
the U. S. Bank, the beginning of the Anti-Slavery movement, 
and the attempt at nullification in South Carolina. Jackson 
died in 1845 at "The Hermitage" in Tennessee. 

9. On May, 1898, the United States fleet of six vessels en- 
tered Manila Bay and in a few hours destroyed every vessel 
of the Spanish squadron without losing a man. Congress voted 
Commodore Dewey the thanks of the nation, and in 1899 he 
was made Admiral. 

10. The United States has purchased the right of the French 
Company in the Canal for $40,000,000; has secured from Pa- 
nama a strip of territory ten miles wide, and Congress has 
placed the government of this strip and the preliminary work 
on the canal temporarily in the hands of the President. 

(A) Three: New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. 

(B) In 1776, the people of Massachusetts by debt, were being 
sued and thrown into prison in great numbers. Daniel Shays 
raised an army of about 2,000 farmers, surrounded the Court 
houses at Worcester and Springfield and stopped all law suits 



380 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

for debt. A military force was called out, Shays fled to New 
Hampshire and the disturbance was over. 

JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. Pedro Menedez was sent over by the king of Spain to 
claim Florida, which the French were trying to settle. He 
erected a fort on the site where St. Augustine was afterwards 
built. He treacherously murdered the French whom he found. 
The fort grew into the oldest town in the United States, St. 
Augustine (1565.) 

2. A Dutch man-of-war in 1619, sold twenty negro slaves 
to the Virginia planters. The climatic condition at the South 
was more favorable than at the IN'orth. The South was an 
agricultural community, the North a manufacturing. The in- 
vention of the cotton gin gave slavery a new impetus. Slaves 
were necessary to continue the raising of cotton on a large scale. 

3. Among the most important causes of the Kevolution were 
the restrictions upon commerce; taxation without representa- 
tion, as in the Stamp Act; the quartering of soldiers upon the 
colonies in time of peace; the claim that legal cases could be 
taken to England for final decision. The colonies had not acted 
together in any important affairs before the Eevolution. They 
were thirteen sovereign states that knew little of each other. 
Communication was slow, and there were but few good roads. 

4. The battle of Saratoga thwarted the British design to 
divide the colonies. Burgoyne, the British general, fought two 
battles near Saratoga and was utterly defeated and his whole 
army captured. After the battle other nations were not slow 
to loan us money and France soon cast her lot with us. This 
was the decisive battle of the Eevolution. 

5. See *'s in 173. 

6. Number 6 in May. 

7. The states were Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Ar- 
kansas, Louisiana, and Texas. They claimed that a state was 
sovereign and thus had the right to secede. 

8. The principal battles were in Virginia, Manassas Junc- 
tion, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, and the bat- 
tle of the Wilderness; in West Virginia, Eich Mountain, Phi- 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. . 281 

lippi, Cheat Mountain, and Carnifex Ferry; in Kentucky, Per- 
ryville; in Tennessee, Chattanooga, Murfreesboro, Pittsburg 
Landing, and Fort Donelson; in Mississippi, Corinth and Vicks- 
burg. 

9. Cuba struggled many years with the mother country for 
her independence. Spanish methods of war were so cruel that 
the nations threatened to intervene. In the meantime the bat- 
tleship Maine was blown up and the United States declared war 
against Spain. Cuba became independent as a result of the 
war and the subsequent treaties. Cuba is practically independ- 
ent. She can not borrow money or engage in war without the 
consent of the United States. 

10. The members at present are: Secretary of State, Hay; 
of Treasury, Shaw; of Navy, Morton; of War, Taft; of Com- 
merce and Labor, Metcalf; of Interior, Hitchcock; of Agricul- 
ture, Wilson; The Attorney General is Moody; the Postmaster 
General, Wynne. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. The original colonies and date of settlement are: Vir- 
ginia, 1607; New York, 1614; Massachusetts, 1620; New Jer- 
sey, 1617; Connecticut, 1634; Maryland, 1634; Ehode Island, 
1636; Delaware, 1638; North Carolina, 1663; South Carolina, 
1670; Georgia, 1733; Pennsylvania, 1682; and New Hamp- 
shire, 1623. 

2. Columbus made many attempts to get aid from Euro- 
pean monarchs. He sailed by way of the Canary Islands. 
When he had been at sea sometime, the needle no longer pointed 
to the north star. The crew and commander became alarmed. 
The crew mutinied, but signs of land reconciled them. He 
made four voyages to the new world. 

3. Williams was an early exponent of liberty of conscience. 
He founded the first settlement in Ehode Island. William Penn 
was a Quaker leader. He founded the colony of Pennsylvania. 
Mather was a theologian and author. Stuyvesant was one of 
the Dutch governors. Morris was the financier of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, 



382 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

4. Outline of the first year. (1) The expedition to Lexing- 
ton and Concord. (2) Allen took Ticonderoga. (3) The bat- 
tle of Bunker Hill. (4) The expedition to Quebec. 

5. The naval battles were : The battle on Lake Erie, the bat- 
tle on Lake Champlain, battle between the Chesapeake and the 
Shannon. The respective commanders were Perry, Macdon- 
ough, and Lawi-ence. 

6. The South objected to the tariff, because it was argued 
that under the operation of the law the South would constantly 
become poorer while the North would become richer. It was 
also argued that Congress did not have the power to impose a 
protective tariff and that under the Constitution nothing but 
a tariff revenue could be imposed. Finally .the people of South 
Carolina declared, in state convention, that they would not pay 
duties on goods sent into their state from Europe. Jackson 
said, "By the eternal the laws of the United States must be 
executed." If necessary, he would have sent an army to South 
Carolina to enforce the law. 

7. By purchase, she has gained Florida, Louisiana territory 
south of Gila river, Alaska, and the Philippines. We gave 
purchase money for the Mexican cessions; by cession the ter- 
ritory from Mexico, and the Northwest Territory; by annexa- 
tion Texas, Hawaii. Porto Eico, and Guam. 

8. Henry Clay was born in 1777 and died in 1852. He 
was elected to the United States Senate in 1806, when he was 
not quite of the required age. He favored the encouragement 
of home industries and internal improvement. He is author 
of the "American System." He defended the occupation of 
Florida and opposed the renewal of the United States Bank 
charter. In 1811 he was elected to the House of Representatives 
and at once became speaker. He urged the War of 1812 and 
was one of the most instrumental in bringing it about. He 
was several times a candidate for the presidency. 

John Marshall was born in 1755 and died in 1835. He en- 
tered the Revolution in 1775 and served until 1781. He was 
made a captain in 1779. He took part at Monmouth, German- 
town, and Brandywine and experienced the hardships of Valley 
Forge. He eloquently and effectively advocated the adoptiqn of 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 283 

the Constitution and, with Madison, deserves the credit of se- 
curing its final acceptance. He supported the federal as against 
the state rights party. In 1799 he was chosen to Congress. 
In 1800 he was made Secretary of State, and in 1801 he was 
appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 
He was the greatest Chief Justice. 

9. Garfield was a good boy and made his way to the front by 
hard work. He served in the Civil War and was afterwards elect- 
ed to Congress where he came to the front by hard work. He was 
a "dark horse" who won the presidential honors and the confi- 
dence of the whole people. He was shot July 2, 1881, by a dis- 
appointed office seeker. The act took place in the Pennsyl- 
vania depot in Washington, D. C. He died September 19, 1881. 

10. (a) The first railroad was operated in 1830. (b) Cyrus 
W. Field laid the first Atlantic cable, (c) Thomas Jefferson 
wrote the Declaration of Independence, (d) Captain Erics- 
son invented the "Monitor?' (e) Jackson was killed by his 
own men. 

Substitutes given previously. 



STATE HISTOEY. 

MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. Sec. 16. Hon. W. P. Willey, Hon. Edwin Maxwell, Hon. 
Francis H. Pierpoint, Hon. A. I. Boreman. 

2. See, 11, 12 and 13. 

3. In 1872 a Convention whose delegates were elected in 
1871 met in the old M. E. church at Charleston and submitted 
the document to the people which was ratified in August of 
the same year. 

4. B. & 0. Other principal railroads now are C. & 0., N. 
& W., K. & M., W. Va. Central and P. C. & C. 

5. See 75. 

6. As West Virginia was known to be opposed to secession 
and because of its nearness to the capital and Virginia, it was 
ja contest for possession. 



284 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Principal battles were Philippi, Alleghany Mountain, Cross 
Lanes, Carnifax Ferry, Ganley Bridge, Beverly, Rocky Gap, 
Droop Mountain, Moorefield. 

Campaigns were Cheat Mountain, Kanawha Valley, Jenkin's 
■Raid, Imboden Eaid, Averell's Raid, Salem Raid, Fitzhugh 
Lee's Raid, Early's Raid, Dublin's Raid, McNeill's Raid, Witch- 
er's Raid, Rosser's Raid, Hall's Raid. 

7. See 25. 

8. Fort Henry at Wheeling; The Zanes were among the first 
settlers here. The French were the earliest settlers in the Green- 
brier Valley, but after the war English resettled here and . in 
Kanawha Valley. Clendenins at Charleston in 1784. See 
latter part of Number 6. 

9. Jefferson — Farming. 
Fayette — Coal mining. 
Ritchie — Oil production. 
Ohio — Manufacturing. 
Webster — Farming, etc. 

10. Sec. 21. Hon. John E. Kenna and Hon. Francis H. 
Pierpoint. 

JULY EXAMINATION. 

1 and 2. given in May. 

3. Monongalia— from the River Monongahela, "River of 

Caving Banks." 
Hardy — in honor of Samuel Hardy. 
Jefferson — for President Jefferson. 
Harrison— for President W. H. H. Harrison. 
Upshur— for Hon. Abel P. Upshur. 
Wetzel — for Lewis Wetzel. 
Morgan — for Gen. Daniel Morgan. 
Mingo — tribe of Indians. 

4. Applicant has choice of three subjects. 

5. The construction of the Panama Canal. 

6. See 54. By legislative enactment. As to actual trans- 
portation, this was done by boat. 

7. See 36 and 52, 53, 54, 79. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 285 

8. See 21. Hons. W. T. Willey and Peter G. Van Winkle. 
Hons. S. B. Elkins and N. B. Scott. See 23. 

9. Potomac, Kanawha, Ohio, Monongahela, Guyandotte. 
Harman Blennerhassett and family lived there happily until 

Aaron Burr visited them. He made his home with them, fin- 
ally inducing Blennerhassett to join in the conspiracy and 
furnish the financial part of the enterprise. Both were caught 
and tried for treason, but acquitted because of insufficient evi- 
dence. 

10. The geologists claim that it belongs to the Silurian 
formation period. It was in the hands of savages — "a howl- 
ing wilderness." The Van Matres, an old Dutch family en- 
couraged settlements in the South Branch Valley. Isaac Van 
Matre obtained a patent from Gov. Gooch of Virginia for 40,- 
000 acres in the "Shenandoah Valley." George Bowman, Ja- 
cob Chrisman and others settled in the Valley In 1732. Thomas 
Shepherd settled near Shepherdstown in 1732. John Lewis 
settled in Eandolph near Beverly in 1773. The social condi- 
tions of the settlers were informal regarding each other except 
as to French and English. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. 6 in May examination. 

B. Berkeley — Fruit growing. 
Marion — Coal mining. 

Webster — Farming and productions of mineral water, 
i Greenbrier — Agriculture. 

Tyler — Oil productions. 
Ohio — Manufacturing. 
Harrison — Stock raising. 

C. Francis H. Pierpoint was governor of the "Eeorganized 
Government of Virginia" during the Civil war. A. W. Camp- 
bell was editor of the Wheeling Intelligencer. He sent a tele- 
gram to President Lincoln which impressed the president very 
favorably with the new State. He was a member of the Vir- 
ginia Commission. 



286 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Morgan Morgan was the first settler in this State. He also 
erected the first Baptist church. 

P. G. Van Winkle was one of the first U. S. Senators. 

Arthur I. Boreman was first governor of West Virginia and 
later U. S. Senator from the State. 

Geo. W. Atkinson, historian, lawyer and author was the first 
Eepublican governor since the second Constitution went into 
effect. He is now District Attorney in U. S. Court. 

W. A. MacCorkle, attorney and promoter of State's industrial 
development was the last Democratic governor. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. See number 5. 

2. Number 1 in May. 

3. See 21, 8 in July. 

4. Number 6 in May. 

5. Nathan B. Goff, Stephen B. Elkins, W. L. Wilson; David 
H. Strother, Chas. B. Hart; Dr. D. Mayer, Judge Phil Snyder, 
Dr. Alonzo Garrett and others. 

6. See 75. 

7. Number 7 in July. 

8. Hon. S. B. Elkins, U. S. Senator, statesman. 

Hon. H. G. Davis, capitalist, builder of railroads, OAvner of 
coal mines. 

Hon. John J. Jackson, U. S. Judge — legal decisions relating 
to land titles. 

Hon. A. B. White, Governor, and leader of "Tax Keform" 
movement. 

Dr. D. B. Purinton, President of the State University, for 
placing the institution upon a basis that silenced opposing crit- 
ics. 

(Answers might differ.) 

9. See 45. 

10. Philadelphia, Chicago and St. Louis are the time-keep- 
ers of our educational as well as material progress. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 287 

The exhibits were placed in the Mines and Metallurgy Pal- 
ace, the Agricultural Building and Palace of Education. 

The State Building was located on the ^'Plateau". The ex- 
hibits consisted of coal, coke, oil, hard and soft woods — all 
among the finest in the world — herds, flocks, orchards, products 
of farms, factories and mills, building stones, slates and min- 
erals. 

If not send to State Superintendent for same. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Salama comes from sal a tree; hence located in timber 

region ; or very likely from Salam, peaceful. 
Term Alta, means "High Land.^^ 
Jayenn is from first two initial letters of Senator J. N. 

Camden. 
Gassaway — middle name of Henry G. Davis, owner of 

railroad where place is located. 
Kenova, represents abbreviations of three states. Ken., 

0., Va. 
Erbacon, from er, meaning the, halca, meaning great, 

ton, meaning town, "The great town." 
Eonceverte, from the French, meaning "greenbrier." 
County and river the same. 
• Monongah, "One town" from Eiver Monongahela. 
Wheeling, place of the skull. 

B. It is question of land title near the head fountain of the 

South Branch of the Potomac. 

C. See 79, 52, 53, 54. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



NOVEMBER EXAMINATION, 1903. 

1 — Requires map to be drawn. 

2 — The Orinoco in the north, the Amazon in the north-cen- 
tral part, and the Rio de la Plata in the southeast. 



288 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

3_(a) The 49th parallel of north latitude, (b) Florida 
extends to Avithin one degree, or about 691/2 miles of the Tropic 
of Cancer. 

4 — (a) Three-fourths of the people of France are engaged 
in agriculture. Silks, satins, cloths, wines and ornaments are 
manufactured, (b) Paris in the north, on the Seine, Lyons 
in the south-east on the Elione, Marseilles, in the south-east on 
the Gulf of Lyons, and Bordeaux in the south-west on the 
Gironde are the principal cities. 

5 — The valley of the Nile and that of the Congo are fertile 
districts, in Africa. The fertility of the former is due to the 
periodical overflow of the Nile, that brings down a fine, rich 
soil and spreads it over the valley. The latter is made fertile 
by the alluvial deposits of the Congo, whose source is in the re- 
gion of heavy rains. 

6 — (l)The U. S. of America excels in the diversity and ex- 
cellence of manufactures, (2) Great Britain excels as a mari- 
time nation ; ( 3 ) Germany excels in the military training of her 
people; (4) France excels in fashions and scientific attainment. 
(5) Eussia excels in military strength. 

7. The Deccan separates the Arabian Sea, and Bay of Ben- 
gal; Malacca separates the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Si- 
am; Corea separates the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. 

8. Cuba lies in the Atlantic southeast of the U. S. between 
20° and 23° north latitude; Luzon lies in the Pacific south-east 
of China between 13° and 18° north latitude. Cuba is a repub- 
lic; Luzon is governed by officers appointed by the United 
States. 

9. The sun's rays are vertical on the Tropic of Cancer at 
the summer solstice, June 21, on the Tropic of Capricorn at 
the winter solstice, December 21. Theoretically, on the Equator 
at the equinoxes. 

10. An island is a body of land surrounded by water, as 
Cuba. A peninsula is a body of land almost surrounded by 
water, as Italy. A mountain is an abrupt elevation in the land 
rising 2,000 feet or more above the sea level, as Mt. Blanc. A 
plateau is a plain with an elevation equal to that of a mountain, 
as Thibet. A watershed is a ridge or swell in the land that 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 289 

separates river basins, as the height of land between the Mis- 
sissippi and the Eed Eiver of the North. 



MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. See 42. 

2. Mendocino on West coast of N. A. San Lucas, extremity 
of Lower California. Cod, off Massachusetts. Farewell, south- 
ern point of Greenland. Blanco, West of Ecuador. 

3. Farming in Ohio, Kanawha, Greenbrier and Tygarts Val- 

leys. 

Coal mining, southern and central portions of the state. 

Oil productions in central, northern and eastern sections. 

Lumbering, central and southern portions. 

Manufacturing in Wheeling, Clarksburg, Martinsburg, El- 
kins, Huntington and Charleston. 

4. Number 1 in November, 1903. 

5. Victoria Nyanza one of the sources of the Nile. 
Tchad, near desert, has no outlet, yet water is fresh; it 

overflows. 
Moero, source of Kongo river. 

6. Japan like Great Britain is an island monarchy. The 
latter is just a little smaller (W. Va.'s area less) and popula- 
tion is practically same in each. The former is East of Asia, 
while the latter is west of Europe 20° farther north. It has 
reached a higher plane of civilization. Japan is the most highly 
civilized country of Asia. 

7. In Thibet. East and West. Indian Ocean. 

8. Number 2 in November, 1903. 

9. North of Holland and Germany. 
Vienna is the capital of x\ustria-Hungary. 
Borneo is an island in the Pacific Ocean. 
Yellow Sea borders Japan. 

Moscow, city in western part of Eussia. 
Sitka, on Baranoff Island, capital of Alaska. 
Manila, in Luzon, capital of Philippines. ' 

Quebec, country and city of Canada. 



390 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

Buenos Ayres, capital of Argentina. 
Lisbon, capital of Portugal. 
10. See 74, 66, 71. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. See 32. 

B. Columbia, Colorado (through Gulf of California). None 
in S. A. 

C. Mississippi Eiver, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, 
Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian and Adriatic 
Seas. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. Georgia — Cotton growing, agriculture, lumbering, etc. 
Colorado — Mining and raising stock. 
Pennsylvania — Mining and manufacturing. 

Iowa — Agriculture, stock ra.ising, mining and manufac- 
turing. 

Massachusetts — Manufacturing, quarrying, fishing, com- 
merce. 

2. Annapolis, on Chesapeake Bay. Capital of Maryland. . 
West Point, U. S. Military Academy on Hudson river. 
Galveston, city in Texas. 

Memphis, city of Tennessee on Mississippi river. 
Norfolk, city of Virginia on eastern coast. 
In Eepublic of Panama between the Atlantic and Pa- 
cific Oceans. 
Port Arthur, fort in Japan Sea. 
Ceylon, island south of India. 
Liverpool, city of England. 
Kongo Eiver, in South Africa. 

3. See 68, 10. When a glacier slides into an ocean it be- 
comes an iceberg. Deltas are mouths of a river. The first three 
are found in Northern latitudes in Artie regions. Volcanoes 
in S. A. The Kanawha is a tributary of the Ohio river. See 
130. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 291 

4. See 134. Eastern portion. Sydney in New South Wales. 
Gold, pastoral and farm products. 

5. Pekin, north-east of the center. Tokio, in the east on 
the island of Hondo. Same race of people. Japan has ad- 
vanced more rapidly in civilization. 

D. See first part of 42. Capitals in order are, Hartford, near 
center, Albany, on the Hudson, Trenton, on Delaware, Dover, 
on Jones' Creek, Annapolis on Chesapeake Bay, Eichmond, on 
the James, Ealeigh on the Neuse, Columbia on Wateree Eiver, 
Atlanta in north, Tallahassee in north-west. 

7. It would resemble a trip from a temperate zone to a frigid 
zone. The changes would be more rapid. 

8. See 74. 

9. See 22. 

10. They are in the Pacific Ocean south-east of China from 
5° to 21° N. Latitude. Area 115,000 sq. mi. almost as large 
as Great Britain. Population 8,000,000 nearly. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. San Francisco, New York, New Orleans, Chicago, St. 
Louis. 

B. Pacific Ocean, China Sea, Strait of Malacca, Indian 
Ocean, Gulf of Aden, Strait of Babel Mandeb, Eed Sea, Suez 
Canal, Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Hellespont and Sea 
of Marmora. 

C. Eequires map. ,• ' . 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. Tides are risings of the ocean caused by attraction of the 
moon and sun. See latter part of 66. 

2. Via Parkersburg, Huntington, Norfolk by rail. Ocean 
steamer across Atlantic. About 4,000 miles. Eoutes may 
differ. 

3. (a) Origin of name. Study in connection with St. 
Paul, (b) Eeasons for its growth, etc. (c) Elevation in con- 



292 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

nection with flood, (d) Progress of the Americas, and rever- 
ence for Chief Executive in connection with death of McKin- 
ley. Fair, Indians, etc. (e) Curiosities of America and the 
world. Natural beauties. Geysers, park, etc. 

4. Scandinavian on Atlantic ocean, Iberian on same and 
Mediterranean sea, Italy on latter and Adriatic sea, Balkan 
on Mediterranean and Aegean seas, Jutland on ISTorth sea. 

5 and 6. Number 1 November, 1903. 

7. China, Arabia, India, Australia, Brazil, respectively. 

8. See 54. Kalahari Desert in South Africa caused by 
precipitation of moisture on surrounding mountains. 

9. Malaga, Barcelona, Marseilles, Kome, Alexandria, Tu- 
nis, Algiers, Genoa, Naples, Venice, Trieste, Athens, Smyrna. 

10. Eussia has all the climatic features that Japan has and 
many more. It is vastly larger in area and has including its 
colonies about four times the population. The former is an 
absolute, the latter a limited monarchy. The former has little 
sea-coast comparatively with the latter. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. See 20. 

B. Arctic ocean, Atlantic ocean. Pacific slope, Mississippi 
Valley, California slope. Gulf slope. 

C. See 4 in July. Melbourne in Victoria and Adelaide in 
South Wales. 



BOOKKEEPING. 

ANSWERS BY D. M. WILLIS. 
MAY EXAMINATION. 



1. (a) Any book in which a record of business transactions 
is made as the transactions actually occur. This may be a 
day book, blotter. Journal or Ledger. The Day Book, Jour- 
nal the most common. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 293 

(b) The book of original entry is admitted as evidence in 
law suits. 

2. (a) Day book ruling is two money columns on the right 
and a date column on the left. 

(b) As a usual thing we post from day book. 

3. Debit the proprietor and credit cash. 

4. Eule a piece of paper with two money columns on the 
right and a date or page column on the left and list the debit 
and credit balances as found in the Ledger, placing page on 
which each account is found in the page column. 

5. A ledger page is divided in the center with three lines 
very close together. Each half is ruled with date column and 
money column on the right. 

A journal page is ruled with two money columns on the 
right, one line through the center from top to bottom and a 
date column on the left. 

6. In purely single entry bookkeeping only personal ac- 
counts are kept, and only one entry is made for each transac- 
tion. In double entry, accounts are kept with persons, proper- 
ty and allowances, and two entries are made for each transac- 
tion. 

7. Morgantown, W. Va., Nov. 10, 1904. 
$500. 

Ninety days after date I promise to pay to John Thomas or 
order. Five Hundred Dollars, at the Second National Bank 
of Morgantown, W. Va., with interest from date, for value re- 
ceived. JAMES YOUNG. 

10. Morgantown, W. Va., Nov. 10, 1904. 

Mr. J. C. Young, 

Wheeling, W. Va. 

Dear Sir: 

Your favor of the 3rd inst. received. We will make first 
shipment of lumber on the 30th. 

Trusting this will be satisfactory, we are, 

Very truly yours, 

B. B. BEOWN & CO. 



294 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. ^^0. 10, July 22. 

B. Discounts are allowances made for the payment before 
due on notes, bill of goods, etc. 

Net price. The actual price which a seller gets on his 
goods in the market. No extra charges of any kind. 

Common carrier. One who undertakes the office of carry- 
ing goods or persons for hire. 

Bill of lading. Eeceipt for the goods from a common car- 
rier. 

Bonded warehouse. A warehouse in which goods on which 
the duties are unpaid are stored under bond, and in the joint 
custody of the importer and the customs officers. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

7. That their balance sheet showed a net gain which has 
been divided among the stockholders. 

2. Bate prescribed by statute. 

3. $200. Morgantown, W. Va., Nov. 10, 1904. 
Thirty days after date I promise to pay to J. C. Johnson, 

or order, Two Hundred Dollars, with interest from date, for 
value received. 

T. T. MASON. 

$200. Morgantown, W. Va., Nov. 10, 1904. 

Thirty days after date I promise to pay to J. C. Johnson, 
or order. Two Hundred Dollars, for value received. 

T. T. MASON. 

4-7. Cash Book. Dr. 

Jan. 1. George White $4,000.00 

Jan. 6. Mdse. 86.62 

Cash Book. Cr. 

Jan. 1. Expense — Fur. and Stationery $ 175.00 

Jan. 2. Mdse. — Invoice Jones & Peters 1200.00 

Jan. 4. Expense — Freiglit and dray 17.25 

Jan. 7. Expense— Bill 8. D. C. 5.25 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 



295 



Store and Fixtures 
To Geo. White 



JOUENAL. 
January 1, 1904. 
Invested 



$ 85.00 



$ 85.00 



Mdse. 

To Martin & Co. 



Henry Young. 
To Mdse 



Bills Rec. 
To Mdse. 



Invoice at 
30 days 



Sold on acct. 
as per bill 
rendered 



Sold Thos. 
Tracy on 
30 day note 
mdse. as per 
bill rendered 



15.00 



15.00 



41.58 



41.58 



57.33 



57.33 



Penfield & Co. 
To Mdse. 



Sold on acct. 
as per bill 
rendered 



154.65 



154.65 



8-9. Post all accounts. 
Ans. This can not be done here. 
10. Ans. Bank of Fairmont. 

Fairmont, W. Va., Jan. 2, 1904. 
Pay to the order of Jones & Peters, Twelve Hundred Dol- 
lars. GEOEGE WHITE, 

Per 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. (1) Transferring accounts from the Journal or other 
books to the Ledger. 

(2) The accounts are, or should be, divided in three groups: 
Personal, property and allowances, and each group given a 



296 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

separate place in the Ledger. All the items in the Journal be- 
longing to a certain account are carried to that account in tho 
Ledger with the date and page of Journal from which it is 
brought. Each item or account in the Journal is checked \y 
placing the page of the Ledger to which it is taken, in column 
at the left. 

3. Day Book, Journal, Ledger and trial balance were de- 
fined in answers to May examination. 

Bills receivable are written promises, due at some future 
date, such as notes, accepted time drafts, etc., of others held 
by us. 

Protest is an official notification, in due form, of the non- 
acceptance or nonpayment of a bill or note, as the case may be. 

Draft is a written order of the creditor, directing the debtor 
to pay a stipulated sum of money to a third party named there- 
in. 

Check is a written order of a depositor, directing the bank 
to pay a stipulated sum of money to another party. 

Inventory is an itemized list of goods on hand with their 
estimated value. 

Footings the totals of columns of figures. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 






1. Number 7 in May. 










2. Morgantown, 


W. 


Va., Nov. 


10, 1904. 


Mr. James W. Smith, 










City. . 










Bought of A. B. Maxwell &. 


Co. 




20 bbls. Salt @ 






$ 


1.00 $20.00 


5 bbls. Sugar (a) 








16.00 80.00 


20 bu. Potatoes @ 








.50 10.00 


25 bu. Oats @ 








.30 7.50 


2 bbls. Flour @ 








5.00 lO.uO 


1 keg 8-penny nails 








5.00 



$132.50 
Keceived Payment, 

A. B. MAXWELL & CO., 
Per W. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 297 

The Journal entry would be 

3. Cash $132.50 

To Mdse. $132.50 

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, answered in May. 

9. In this connection standard means that which is estab- 
lished by authority as a rule for proportion of weights of fine 
metals and alloy; legal currency of a country; "specie"; one 
measure or guide; two measures — a practical impossibility; 
money which the law authorizes a debtor to proffer and a cred- 
itor to receive. 

10. As to all the words they differ with different denomina- 
tions. The important features, however, are included in head- 
ings and special terms, as (a) "Legal Tender for Twenty Dol- 
lars." "United States will pay to Bearer Twenty Dollars, 
Washington, D. C." (b) "Silver Certificate." "Payable to 
Bearer on demand One Silver Dollar." Of course in each par- 
ticular we have the vignette, series, number, signature of reg- 
ister of treasury, etc. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS, 

A. Same as Xo. 1 on May 27. 

B. What is difference between a corporation and a part- 
nership? (This question does not belong to bookkeeping.) 

C. Same as Substitute Question B on Mav 27. 



MAY EXAMINATION. 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. He is elected by the House of Eepresentatives, each State 
having one vote, which is cast by a majority of the members 
present. A quorum consists of one or more members from 
three-fourths of the States, and a majority elects. 

2. A United States Senator must have been nine years a 
citizen of the United States, must be a citizen of the State from 
which elected, and must have attained the age of thirty. 

3. The President must be a natural born citizen of the 



298 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

United States, must have resided in the United States four- 
teen years immediately preceding his election, and must have 
attained the age of thirty-five. 

4. Congress upon a two-thirds vote of both houses, or the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, shall 
call a convention for proposed amendments, and any amend- 
ments are ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the 
States, or by conventions in three-fourths of the States. 

5. Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of 
War, Attorney General, Secretary of Navy, Postmaster Gen- 
eral, Secretary of Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, and Sec- 
retary of Labor and Commerce. 

6. By a majority vote of both houses. 

7. The number of Presidential Electors from each State 
must equal the number of Senators and Eepresentatives from 
that State. 

8. "Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort." 

9. Treaties are made by the President, or by agents or 
Commissioners appointed by him, and are ratified by a vote 
of two-thirds of the members of the Senate present. 

10. Senate and House of Delegates. There are thirty Sen- 
ators and eighty-six Delegates. 

(A) Justices, County, Municipal, Criminal, Circuit and 
Supreme. 

( B ) ) Compulsory attendance law, law increasing salaries of 
County Superintendents, and uniform examination law. The 
first provides that children between 6 and 14 of age shall at- 
tend school at least twenty weeks each year. The second fixes 
the salary of superintendents at from $300 to $500 a year and 
deducts $3 for each school not visited. The third provides that 
uniform examinations for teachers shall be held throughout 
the State under the direction of the State Superintendent of 
Schools. 

(C) The Vice-President of the United States is President 
of the Senate, and stands first in the succession to the Presi^ 
dency. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 299 

JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. See 76 to 87. 

2. See 59. By this right through the State to serve the 
public welfare. 

3. A justices' court is a court of law and equity. It has 
limited jurisdiction in civil cases (controverted amounts not 
over $300) but may apprehend criminals of all classes holding 
those of a felonious nature under bond for indictments in Cir- 
cuit Court. 

4. The "Missouri Compromise" placed a northern limit 
or restriction upon slavery. It passed Congress in 1820. "The 
Compromise Measures of 1850" contained several provisions 
relating to abolishment of slave trade in D. C, fugitive slaves, 
admission of California, sovereignty in other Mexican ses- 
sions, admission of Texas as four States, etc. It passed as 
separate bills except as to Texas. 

5. Many noble citizens had not educational advantages 
when young in life, yet they pay taxes for the support of tlu- 
government. The poor are directly interested in legislation 
and should have a voice in the government. Ignorant persons 
cannot understand what is best for them, hence the suffrag3 
is not intelligently used. 

6. (1) He is commander-in-chief of the military fornis 
of the State. (2) He prepares biennial messages to present 
the Legislature. (3) He exercises judicial authority as to re- 
prieves, pardons, etc. (4) He appoints various State boards, 
etc. 

7. To coin money and lay duties because of non-uniformity 
and bad precedent, etc. 

8. A good plan would be by petition of all teachers and 
school children of the State. The bill must be written in full. 
Introduced by a legislator. Eeferred to a committee whicJi 
reports favorable to its passage. Aitev passing three separat-j 
readings a majority vote of the body passes it. It then goes 
to the other branch or body for concurrence which passes it in 
the same manner. (Suspension of rules would produce 
changes.) 



300 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

9. First Monday in December of each year. A person 
elected by the House. The Vice-President. 

10. The purchase was made without constitutional author- 
ity. Yes. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. A suit in the U. S. Court where they can not compro- 
mise. 

B. By direct taxes, indirect taxes as customs, duties, etc. 
Sometimes by issuance of bonds. 

C. See 45 State History. 50 cents on the $100. 20 cents 
on the $100. 



SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. See 8. • . 

2. See 49. 

3. Number 4 in May. By the Governor until a general 
election or in case of a Senator until the Legislature convenes. 

4. Natural rights are : Personal security. Personal Lib- 
erty and Personal Property. Political rights are : Eight to es- 
tablish a government. Eight to vote, Eight of petition. The 
former set relates to every day actions whereas the latter have 
reference to government. 

5. It consists of a Chief Justice and eight associates and 
is the highest Judicial authority in the land. Melville W. 
Fuller, Chief Justice. Associate, Holmes, Day, Brewer, Peck- 
ham, Harlan, White, Brown, McKenna. 

6. See 40 History and Government of W. Va. 

Warden of Penitentiary, Chief Mine Inspector, Labor Com- 
missioner, Tax Commissioner, etc. Number 6 in July. 

7. See 76 to 87. Board of Public Works, County Courts, 
City Councils, Boards of Education. 

8. See 39, 45, 47. 

9. Henry Brannon, George Poffenbarger, H. C. McWhor- 
ter, Joseph Saunders and Frank Cox. 



u:n"ifoem examinations. 301 

Thirty senators and eighty-six members of the House of 
Delegates. 

10. He must present certificates giving him credit for five 
days Institute attendance, also a certificate of his qualifica- 
tions to teach and govern a school. The trustees must meet 
at the school house to sign contract with teacher. This con- 
tract the teacher files with the Board of Education for that 
district along with a duplicate of his certificate. 



SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. By the Courts. 

B. To compel children between the ages of eight and four- 
teen years to attend school. It makes persons having such 
children under control guilty of misdemeanor for violation 
of the law. It provides for the appointment of truant officers 
by the board. That teachers report violations, fines, etc., 
monthly. One week^s willful absence constitutes an offense. 

C. Since the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment it 
is $1,000,000 and cannot be larger. By the board of the school 
fund. $1.61 and $1.59. 



THEOEY AND AET. 

MAY EXAMINATION. 

1. (a) To provide a better citizenship for the State and 

nation, 
(b) See 16. 

2. See 64. 

3. These are leading questions and should not be used often. 
See 23, 24. 

4. (a) Is a personal question for the applicant, (b) The 
first two years of a pupil at school should be devoted to train- 
ing in uses of language, ability to express ideas and the gath- 
ering of useful primary facts. 

(White's Art of Teaching.) 



302 THE WEST VIRGINIA EXAMINER. 

5. See 20 and 8. 

6. It is simply following the natural, logical order of mind 
development instead of resorting to cramming, memoriter work 
and so forth about things unknown or uninteresting to the 
child. 

7. Have something of interest first thing after school opens. 
Answers will differ. 

8. Sec. 53. Thomas Arnold was an English teacher and 

historian. 

Author of ^'Tom Brown at Eugby." 
Herbart, philosopher of Germany. 

Francis W. Parker, American educator. 

Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, 
Author. 

William T. Harris, present Commissioner of Education 
for the U. S. and author. 

William E. White was the first State Superintedent of 
Schools. 

A. L. Wade, a West Virginian, was the author of grad- 
ing country schools. 

9. See 7. Drawing required. 

10. See 43, 45 and 2. 

A. See 38. Establishment of order and general welfare of 
the entire school. 

B. See 54, 55, 61, Analysis is analytic instruction as used 
in induction. Synthesis is a reverse process of deduction. 
They correlate each other. Concentration is unification or 
grouping of studies around a '^central core." 

C. See 27. 



JULY EXAMINATION. 

1. It should be a profession. This requires a personal 
answer. 

2. Personal question. A chapter from "Page on Teaching" 
is represented in 43. 

3. See 6 and 7. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 303 

4. Take old registers as a guide^, also old manual if there 
was one. Ascertain how much instruction each pupil has pre- 
viously received and follow plan of State Superintendent. 

5. See 12. Desks^ recitation seats, globes, maps, diction- 
ary. 

6. Letter "A" in May. See 16. 

7. By both precept and example. They make the room 
more attractive and afford relief to the eye. They also have 
an educational value. 

8. Art of Teaching — David P. Page. 
Art of Teaching — Emerson E. White. 
History of Education — F. V. N". Painter. 
School Management — Levi Seeley. 
Elementary Psychology — Daniel Putnam. 

9. 1. Napoleon^s reasons for sale. 

2. Jefferson's authority to purchase. 

3. Extent of territory and value. 

4. The several effects of purchase. 

5. Other purchases compared. 

6. Miscellaneous questions. 

10. See 42. 

A. A sense of duty; a desire to attain future usefulness 
and influence; a desire for approbation; a desire for knowledge 
and skill ; and a love of their work. 

Improper incentives are : ridicule ; making study of lengthy 
lessons a punishment; undue comparisons with other pupils; 
an appeal to prejudice; and a morbid disposition. 

B. Securing proper attention. 

C. See 5, 14, 34, and 24. 

SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION. 

1. Attendance at County Institute. Filing of contract for 
school. Reporting the Monthly summary. Making off annual 
grade sheet, permanent register, etc. 

2. With the ^^roper teacher in charge, it is the social and 
intellectual center of the community- See 2 and 3, 4 and 11. 

3. See 16. 

4. Number "A" in July. See 27, 



304 



o. 



THE WEST YIKGINIA EXAMINER. 

BEFORENOOK 



Time. 


Recitations. 


Alternates. 


9.00 to 


9.10 


Opening Exercises. 




9.10 to 


9.20. 


General Information. 


Special Remarks. 


9.20 to 


9.30. 


Physiology. 


Calisthenics. 


9.30 to 


9.38. 


First Reader. 




9.38 to 


9.50. 


Second Reader. 




9.50 to 10.05. 


Third Reader. 




10.05 to 10.20. 


Fourth Reader. 




10.20 to 10.40. 


Fifth Reader. 


Literary Selections. 




Recess 15 Minutes. 




10.55 to 11.05. 


Number work. 




11.05 to 11.25. 


Practical Arithmetic "B." 


Mental Arithmetic. 


11.25 to 11.50. 


Practical Arithmetic "A." 


Mental Arithmetic. 


11.50 to 12.00. 


Spelling. 








AFTERlSrOON. 




1.00 to 


1.20,. 


General History. 


Book-keeping. 


1.20 to 


1.35. 


U. S. History. 




1.35 to 


1.40. 


First Reader. 




1.40 to 


1.48. 


Second Reader. 




1.48 to 


2.00. 


Language Lessons. 




2.00 to 


2.30. 


Grammar. 






Recess 15 Minutes. 




2.45 to 


2.52. 


First Reader. 




2.52 to 


3.00. 


Primary Geography. 




3.00 to 


3.15. 


Advanced Geography. 




3.15 to 


3.20. 


Hygienic Talks. 




3.20 to 


3.30. 


Primary History. 


Penmanship. 


3.30 to 


3.45. 


Civil Government. 


State History. 


3.45 to 


4.00. 


Spelling. 


Defining. 



UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS. 305 

6. This is a personal question. 

7. Number 2 in May. 

8. A personal question. See 44. 

9. See 63. 

10. See 1. 

A. Horace Mann, David Page, Charles W. Elliot, William 
T. Harris, Emerson E. White. 

B. Requires personal answer. 

C. See 14. 

*Note. 



Substitute "A" in May Arithmetic should show 04 rows 
and the distance traveled would be 279 x94-|- 6= 26,232 ft. or 
4 mi., ■309 rds., 13 J ft. Ans. 



J UN 13 19C5 



,1;,!,?,^'^'^^ OF CONGRESS * 



019 741 228 8 



